Pigment dispersing factor (pdf) is a gene that encodes the protein PDF, which is part of a large family of neuropeptides.[1] Its hormonal product, pigment dispersing hormone (PDH), was named for the diurnal pigment movement effect it has in crustacean retinal cells upon its initial discovery in the central nervous system of arthropods.[1] The movement and aggregation of pigments in retina cells and extra-retinal cells is hypothesized to be under a split hormonal control mechanism.[1] One hormonal set is responsible for concentrating chromatophoral pigment by responding to changes in the organism's exposure time to darkness. Another hormonal set is responsible for dispersion and responds to the light cycle.[1] However, insect pdf genes do not function in such pigment migration since they lack the chromatophore.[2]
The gene was first isolated and studied in Drosophila by Jeffrey C. Hall's laboratory at Brandeis University in 1998, and has been found to function as a neuromodulator and coupling factor in controlling circadian rhythms.[3][4] A neuromodulator is a neuroregulator that can act on other neurons in close proximity or far away, altering the effect of neurotransmitters without itself initiating depolarization.[5]
^ abcdRao KR, Riehm JP (May 1993). "Pigment-dispersing hormones". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 680 (1): 78–88. Bibcode:1993NYASA.680...78R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19676.x. PMID 8512238. S2CID 44408395.
^The Interactive Fly [1] 2011 Apr 28.
^Helfrich-Förster C (2014-12-01). "From Neurogenetic Studies in the Fly Brain to a Concept in Circadian Biology". Journal of Neurogenetics. 28 (3–4): 329–347. doi:10.3109/01677063.2014.905556. ISSN 0167-7063. PMID 24655073. S2CID 38977633.
^Helfrich-Förster C, Täuber M, Park JH, Mühlig-Versen M, Schneuwly S, Hofbauer A (May 2000). "Ectopic expression of the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor alters behavioral rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster". J. Neurosci. 20 (9): 3339–53. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03339.2000. PMC 6773135. PMID 10777797.
^neuromodulator. (n.d.) Segen's Medical Dictionary. (2011). Retrieved April 11, 2017 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neuromodulator
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Pigmentdispersingfactor (pdf) is a gene that encodes the protein PDF, which is part of a large family of neuropeptides. Its hormonal product, pigment...
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and Jae H. Park isolated a gene encoding a neuropeptide named pigmentdispersingfactor (PDF), based on one of the roles it plays in crustaceans. In 1999...
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E&M dual oscillator model. For example, the experiments of PDF (pigmentdispersingfactor)-producing cells in drosophila show that PDF is sufficient in...
about half the global production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics; pigments; and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate, used to treat...
The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction. van der Waals...
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Dark skin is a type of human skin color that is rich in melanin pigments. People with dark skin are often referred to as black people, although this usage...
visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support")...
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