Piezoelectrochemical transducer effect information

The piezoelectrochemical transducer effect (PECT) is a coupling between the electrochemical potential and the mechanical strain in ion-insertion-based electrode materials. It is similar to the piezoelectric effect – with both exhibiting a voltage-strain coupling - although the PECT effect relies on movement of ions within a material microstructure, rather than charge accumulation from the polarization of electric dipole moments.

Many different materials have been shown to exhibit a PECT effect including: lithiated graphite.;^[1] carbon fibers inserted with lithium,^[2]^[3]^[4] sodium,^[5] and potassium;^[6] sodiated black phosphorus;^[7] lithiated aluminium;^[8] lithium cobalt oxide;^[9] vanadium oxide nanofibers inserted with lithium and sodium;^[10] and lithiated silicon.^[11]

These materials all exhibit a voltage-strain coupling, whereby the material expands when it is charged with ions, and contracts when it is discharged. The reverse is also true: when applying a mechanical strain the electrical potential changes.

This has led to various proposals of applications for the PECT effect with research focusing on actuators, strain-sensors, and energy harvesters.

^ Massey, Cameron; McKnight, Geoffrey; Barvosa-Carter, William; Liu, Ping (2005-05-06). "Reversible work by electrochemical intercalation of graphitic materials". In Bar-Cohen, Yoseph (ed.). Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD). Vol. 5759. San Diego, CA. pp. 322–330. doi:10.1117/12.601491. S2CID 137473408.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Jacques, Eric; Hellqvist Kjell, Maria; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran; Behm, Mårten (August 2013). "Expansion of carbon fibres induced by lithium intercalation for structural electrode applications". Carbon. 59: 246–254. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.015. ISSN 0008-6223.
^ Jacques, Eric; Lindbergh, Göran; Zenkert, Dan; Leijonmarck, Simon; Kjell, Maria Hellqvist (2015-06-19). "Piezo-Electrochemical Energy Harvesting with Lithium-Intercalating Carbon Fibers". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (25): 13898–13904. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b02585. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 26061792.
^ Zenkert, Dan; Harnden, Ross; Asp, Leif E.; Lindbergh, Göran; Johansson, Mats (2024-03-15). "Multifunctional carbon fibre composites using electrochemistry". Composites Part B: Engineering. 273: 111240. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111240. ISSN 1359-8368.
^ Harnden, Ross; Peuvot, Kevin; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran (2018). "Multifunctional Performance of Sodiated Carbon Fibers". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 165 (13): B616–B622. doi:10.1149/2.0971813jes. ISSN 0013-4651. S2CID 104833958.
^ Harnden, Ross; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran (January 2021). "Potassium-insertion in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres for multifunctional energy storage, morphing, and strain-sensing". Carbon. 171: 671–680. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.042. ISSN 0008-6223.
^ Muralidharan, Nitin; Li, Mengya; Carter, Rachel E.; Galioto, Nicholas; Pint, Cary L. (2017-08-11). "Ultralow Frequency Electrochemical–Mechanical Strain Energy Harvester Using 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets". ACS Energy Letters. 2 (8): 1797–1803. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00478. ISSN 2380-8195.
^ Muralidharan, Nitin; Afolabi, Jeremiah; Share, Keith; Li, Mengya; Pint, Cary L. (August 2018). "A Fully Transient Mechanical Energy Harvester". Advanced Materials Technologies. 3 (8): 1800083. doi:10.1002/admt.201800083. S2CID 117457722.
^ Zhang, Hongtao; Grant, Patrick S. (January 2013). "An electrochemical microactuator based on highly textured LiCoO2". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 176: 52–57. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.08.079. S2CID 54181550.
^ Gu, Gang; Schmid, Michael; Chiu, Po-Wen; Minett, Andrew; Fraysse, Jerôme; Kim, Gyu-Tae; Roth, Siegmar; Kozlov, Mikhail; Muñoz, Edgar; Baughman, Ray H. (May 2003). "V2O5 nanofibre sheet actuators". Nature Materials. 2 (5): 316–319. Bibcode:2003NatMa...2..316G. doi:10.1038/nmat880. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 12704380. S2CID 6880905.
^ Kim, Sangtae; Choi, Soon Ju; Zhao, Kejie; Yang, Hui; Gobbi, Giorgia; Zhang, Sulin; Li, Ju (April 2016). "Electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesting". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10146. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710146K. doi:10.1038/ncomms10146. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4729818. PMID 26733282.

[1] Massey, Cameron; McKnight, Geoffrey; Barvosa-Carter, William; Liu, Ping (2005-05-06). "Reversible work by electrochemical intercalation of graphitic materials". In Bar-Cohen, Yoseph (ed.). Smart Structures and Materials 2005: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD). Vol. 5759. San Diego, CA. pp. 322–330. doi:10.1117/12.601491. S2CID 137473408.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:0-2] Jacques, Eric; Hellqvist Kjell, Maria; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran; Behm, Mårten (August 2013). "Expansion of carbon fibres induced by lithium intercalation for structural electrode applications". Carbon. 59: 246–254. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.015. ISSN 0008-6223.

[:9-3] Jacques, Eric; Lindbergh, Göran; Zenkert, Dan; Leijonmarck, Simon; Kjell, Maria Hellqvist (2015-06-19). "Piezo-Electrochemical Energy Harvesting with Lithium-Intercalating Carbon Fibers". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (25): 13898–13904. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b02585. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 26061792.

[4] Zenkert, Dan; Harnden, Ross; Asp, Leif E.; Lindbergh, Göran; Johansson, Mats (2024-03-15). "Multifunctional carbon fibre composites using electrochemistry". Composites Part B: Engineering. 273: 111240. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111240. ISSN 1359-8368.

[:10-5] Harnden, Ross; Peuvot, Kevin; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran (2018). "Multifunctional Performance of Sodiated Carbon Fibers". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 165 (13): B616–B622. doi:10.1149/2.0971813jes. ISSN 0013-4651. S2CID 104833958.

[:1-6] Harnden, Ross; Zenkert, Dan; Lindbergh, Göran (January 2021). "Potassium-insertion in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres for multifunctional energy storage, morphing, and strain-sensing". Carbon. 171: 671–680. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.042. ISSN 0008-6223.

[:7-7] Muralidharan, Nitin; Li, Mengya; Carter, Rachel E.; Galioto, Nicholas; Pint, Cary L. (2017-08-11). "Ultralow Frequency Electrochemical–Mechanical Strain Energy Harvester Using 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets". ACS Energy Letters. 2 (8): 1797–1803. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00478. ISSN 2380-8195.

[:2-8] Muralidharan, Nitin; Afolabi, Jeremiah; Share, Keith; Li, Mengya; Pint, Cary L. (August 2018). "A Fully Transient Mechanical Energy Harvester". Advanced Materials Technologies. 3 (8): 1800083. doi:10.1002/admt.201800083. S2CID 117457722.

[:11-9] Zhang, Hongtao; Grant, Patrick S. (January 2013). "An electrochemical microactuator based on highly textured LiCoO2". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 176: 52–57. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.08.079. S2CID 54181550.

[:12-10] Gu, Gang; Schmid, Michael; Chiu, Po-Wen; Minett, Andrew; Fraysse, Jerôme; Kim, Gyu-Tae; Roth, Siegmar; Kozlov, Mikhail; Muñoz, Edgar; Baughman, Ray H. (May 2003). "V2O5 nanofibre sheet actuators". Nature Materials. 2 (5): 316–319. Bibcode:2003NatMa...2..316G. doi:10.1038/nmat880. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 12704380. S2CID 6880905.

[:8-11] Kim, Sangtae; Choi, Soon Ju; Zhao, Kejie; Yang, Hui; Gobbi, Giorgia; Zhang, Sulin; Li, Ju (April 2016). "Electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesting". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10146. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710146K. doi:10.1038/ncomms10146. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4729818. PMID 26733282.