System that takes physical patterns and combines them into structures and manipulates them
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions.
The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon. They wrote:
"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action."[1]
— Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon
This claim implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence).[2]
The idea has philosophical roots in Hobbes (who claimed reasoning was "nothing more than reckoning"), Leibniz (who attempted to create a logical calculus of all human ideas), Hume (who thought perception could be reduced to "atomic impressions") and even Kant (who analyzed all experience as controlled by formal rules).[3] The latest version is called the computational theory of mind, associated with philosophers Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor.[4]
^Newell & Simon 1976, p. 116 and Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRussellNorvig2003 (help)
^Nilsson 2007, p. 1.
^Dreyfus 1979, p. 156, Haugeland, pp. 15–44 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHaugeland (help)
^Horst 2005
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