Philasterides dicentrarchi information

Philasterides dicentrarchi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Oligohymenophorea
Subclass:	Scuticociliatia
Order:	Philasterida
Family:	Philasteridae
Genus:	Philasterides
Species:	Philasterides dicentrarchi

Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine protozoan ciliate that was first identified in 1995 after being isolated from infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in France.^[1] The species was also identified as the causative agent of outbreaks of scuticociliatosis that occurred between summer 1999 and spring 2000 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultivated in the Atlantic Ocean (Galicia, Northwest Spain).^[2] Infections caused by P. dicentrarchi have since been observed in turbot reared in both open flow and recirculating production systems.^[3] In addition, the ciliate has also been reported to cause infections in other flatfishes, such as the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea^[4] and the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) in Peru,^[5] as well as in seadragons (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus and Phycodurus eques),^[6]^[7] seahorses (Hippocampus kuda and H. abdominalis),^[8] and several species of sharks^[9] in other parts of the world.

^ Dragesco, Armelle; Dragesco, Jean; Coste, Françoise; Gasc, Charles; Romestand, Bernard; Raymond, Jean-Christophe; Bouix, Georges (1995). "Philasterides dicentrarchi, n. Sp., (Ciliophora, scuticociliatida), a histophagous opportunistic parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), a reared marine fish". European Journal of Protistology. 31 (3): 327–340. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80097-0.
^ Iglesias, R.; Paramá, A.; Alvarez, MF; Leiro, J.; Fernández, J.; Sanmartín, ML (2001). "Philasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) as the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus in Galicia (NW Spain)". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 46 (1): 47–55. doi:10.3354/dao046047. PMID 11592702.
^ Budiño, Belén; Lamas, Jesús; Pata, María P.; Arranz, Juan A.; Sanmartín, Manuel L.; Leiro, José (2011). "Intraspecific variability in several isolates of Philasterides dicentrarchi (Syn. Miamiensis avidus), a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot". Veterinary Parasitology. 175 (3–4): 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.011. PMID 21036479.
^ Kim, SM; Cho, JB; Kim, SK; Nam, YK; Kim, KH (2004). "Occurrence of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by Phiasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida)". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 62 (3): 233–238. doi:10.3354/dao062233. PMID 15672879.
^ De Felipe, ANA-Paula; Lamas, Jesús; Sueiro, Rosa-ANA; Folgueira, Iria; Leiro, José-Manuel (2017). "New data on flatfish scuticociliatosis reveal that Miamiensis avidus and Philasterides dicentrarchi are different species". Parasitology. 144 (10): 1394–1411. doi:10.1017/S0031182017000749. hdl:10261/177213. PMID 28552088. S2CID 7694270.
^ Umehara, Azusa; Kosuga, Yuko; Hirose, Hitomi (2003). "Scuticociliata infection in the weedy sea dragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus". Parasitology International. 52 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1016/S1383-5769(02)00080-6. PMID 12798928.
^ Rossteuscher, S.; Wenker, C.; Jermann, T.; Wahli, T.; Oldenberg, E.; Schmidt-Posthaus, H. (2008). "Severe Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) Infection in a Population of Sea Dragons (Phycodurus eques and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus)". Veterinary Pathology. 45 (4): 546–550. doi:10.1354/vp.45-4-546. PMID 18587104.
^ Di Cicco, Emiliano; Paradis, Erika; Stephen, Craig; Turba, Maria Elena; Rossi, Giacomo (2013). "Scuticociliatid Ciliate Outbreak in Australian Pot-Bellied Seahorse,hippocampus Abdominalis(Lesson, 1827): Clinical Signs, Histopathologic Findings, and Treatment with Metronidazole". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 44 (2): 435–440. doi:10.1638/2012-127R1.1. PMID 23805562. S2CID 3167897.
^ Stidworthy, M. F.; Garner, M. M.; Bradway, D. S.; Westfall, B. D.; Joseph, B.; Repetto, S.; Guglielmi, E.; Schmidt-Posthaus, H.; Thornton, S. M. (2014). "Systemic Scuticociliatosis (Philasterides dicentrarchi) in Sharks". Veterinary Pathology. 51 (3): 628–632. doi:10.1177/0300985813492800. PMID 23774745.

[:0-1] Dragesco, Armelle; Dragesco, Jean; Coste, Françoise; Gasc, Charles; Romestand, Bernard; Raymond, Jean-Christophe; Bouix, Georges (1995). "Philasterides dicentrarchi, n. Sp., (Ciliophora, scuticociliatida), a histophagous opportunistic parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), a reared marine fish". European Journal of Protistology. 31 (3): 327–340. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80097-0.

[:1-2] Iglesias, R.; Paramá, A.; Alvarez, MF; Leiro, J.; Fernández, J.; Sanmartín, ML (2001). "Philasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) as the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus in Galicia (NW Spain)". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 46 (1): 47–55. doi:10.3354/dao046047. PMID 11592702.

[:2-3] Budiño, Belén; Lamas, Jesús; Pata, María P.; Arranz, Juan A.; Sanmartín, Manuel L.; Leiro, José (2011). "Intraspecific variability in several isolates of Philasterides dicentrarchi (Syn. Miamiensis avidus), a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot". Veterinary Parasitology. 175 (3–4): 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.011. PMID 21036479.

[:3-4] Kim, SM; Cho, JB; Kim, SK; Nam, YK; Kim, KH (2004). "Occurrence of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by Phiasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida)". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 62 (3): 233–238. doi:10.3354/dao062233. PMID 15672879.

[:4-5] De Felipe, ANA-Paula; Lamas, Jesús; Sueiro, Rosa-ANA; Folgueira, Iria; Leiro, José-Manuel (2017). "New data on flatfish scuticociliatosis reveal that Miamiensis avidus and Philasterides dicentrarchi are different species". Parasitology. 144 (10): 1394–1411. doi:10.1017/S0031182017000749. hdl:10261/177213. PMID 28552088. S2CID 7694270.

[:5-6] Umehara, Azusa; Kosuga, Yuko; Hirose, Hitomi (2003). "Scuticociliata infection in the weedy sea dragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus". Parasitology International. 52 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1016/S1383-5769(02)00080-6. PMID 12798928.

[7] Rossteuscher, S.; Wenker, C.; Jermann, T.; Wahli, T.; Oldenberg, E.; Schmidt-Posthaus, H. (2008). "Severe Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) Infection in a Population of Sea Dragons (Phycodurus eques and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus)". Veterinary Pathology. 45 (4): 546–550. doi:10.1354/vp.45-4-546. PMID 18587104.

[8] Di Cicco, Emiliano; Paradis, Erika; Stephen, Craig; Turba, Maria Elena; Rossi, Giacomo (2013). "Scuticociliatid Ciliate Outbreak in Australian Pot-Bellied Seahorse,hippocampus Abdominalis(Lesson, 1827): Clinical Signs, Histopathologic Findings, and Treatment with Metronidazole". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 44 (2): 435–440. doi:10.1638/2012-127R1.1. PMID 23805562. S2CID 3167897.

[9] Stidworthy, M. F.; Garner, M. M.; Bradway, D. S.; Westfall, B. D.; Joseph, B.; Repetto, S.; Guglielmi, E.; Schmidt-Posthaus, H.; Thornton, S. M. (2014). "Systemic Scuticociliatosis (Philasterides dicentrarchi) in Sharks". Veterinary Pathology. 51 (3): 628–632. doi:10.1177/0300985813492800. PMID 23774745.