Genus of flowering plants in the borage family Boraginaceae
Phacelia
Phacelia tanacetifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Boraginales
Family:
Boraginaceae
Subfamily:
Hydrophylloideae
Genus:
Phacelia Juss.
Type species
Phacelia secunda
J.F.Gmel.
Diversity
About 200 species
Synonyms
Eutoca R.Br.
Phacelia (phacelia, scorpionweed, heliotrope) is a genus of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the borage family, native to North and South America. California is particularly rich in species with over 90 recorded in the region. [1]
The genus is traditionally placed at family rank with the waterleafs (Hydrophyllaceae) in the order Boraginales. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognizing that the traditional Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae are paraphyletic with respect to each other, merges the latter into the former and considers the family basal in the Euasterids I clade. Other botanists[2] continue to recognize the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginales after analysing the secondary structure of the ITS1 genetic region rather than its sequence for these higher taxonomic levels. This placed Phacelia within the Hydrophyllaceae.[2] Further molecular taxonomic analysis of the Boraginales has divided the Boraginales in two and placed Phacelia among the monophyletic herbaceous Hydrophyllaceae in Boraginales II.[3]
The genus includes both annual and perennial species.[1] Many have been cultivated as garden and honey plants.
There are reports that glandular hairs of stems, flowers and leaves of some species of Phacelia secrete oil droplets that can cause an unpleasant skin rash (contact dermatitis) in some people, specifically from P. brachyloba,[4]P. campanularia,[5]P. crenulata,[4][6]P. gina-glenneae,[7]P. grandiflora,[4]P. ixodes,[5]P. minor,[8] and P. pedicellata.[4][5] The major contact allergen of P. crenulata has been identified as geranylhydroquinone and of P. minor as geranylgeranylhydroquinone.[8]
The mining bee Andrena phaceliae is a specialist pollinator of this genus in the Eastern United States
^ abGilbert, Cynthia; Dempcy, John; Ganong, Constance; Patterson, Robert; Spicer, Greg S (2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) Inferred From Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 627–634. doi:10.1600/0363644054782251. S2CID 85948949. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ abGottschling, M; Hilger, H H; Wolf, M; Diane, N (2001). "Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales". Plant Biology. 3 (6): 629–636. doi:10.1055/s-2001-19371. S2CID 260252906. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^Weigend, Maximilian; Luebert, Federico; Gottschling, Marc; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Miller, James S. (2013). "From capsules to nutlets—phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales". Cladistics. 30 (5): 508–518. doi:10.1111/cla.12061. PMID 34794245. S2CID 11954615. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ abcdMunz, Phillip A (1932). "Dermatitis produced by Phalecia (Hydrophyllaceae)". Science. 74 (1965): 194–195. doi:10.1126/science.76.1965.194.a. PMID 17795320. S2CID 239784768. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ abcReynolds, Gary W.; Epstein, William L. (1986). "Unusual contact allergens From plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae". Contact Dermatitis. 14 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01150.x. PMID 3948508. S2CID 30674931.
^Berry, C. Z., et al. (1962). Dermatitis venenata from Phacelia crenulata. Archives of Dermatology 85(6), 737-39.
^Edgar, Leith. "Service Botanist Discovers Native Colorado Flower". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
Phacelia tanacetifolia is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae, known by the common names lacy phacelia, tansy-leaf phacelia...
Phacelia campanularia is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common names desertbells, desert bluebells, California-bluebell...
Phacelia cicutaria, with the common names caterpillar phacelia or caterpillar scorpionweed, is an annual species of Phacelia. It is native to California...
Phacelia purshii, known by the common names Miami mist, scorpionweed, and purple scorpionweed, is a spring flowering annual forb with blue, lavender, violet...
Phacelia distans is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common names distant phacelia and distant scorpionweed...
notch-leaf scorpion-weed, notch-leaved phacelia, cleftleaf wildheliotrope, and heliotrope phacelia. Phacelia crenulata has an antitropical distribution...
Phacelia californica is a species of phacelia known by the common names California phacelia and California scorpionweed. It is native to coastal northern...
Phacelia hastata is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. Its common names include silverleaf scorpionweed, silverleaf phacelia...
Phacelia minor, with the common names Whitlavia and wild Canterbury bells, is a species of phacelia. It is native to Southern California and Baja California...
Phacelia linearis, the linear-leaved phacelia or threadleaf phacelia, is a species of phacelia. Phacelia linearis is an annual herb producing a branching...
Phacelia bipinnatifida, commonly known as purple phacelia, fernleaf phacelia and spotted phacelia is a species of phacelia native to the southeastern United...
Phacelia mutabilis is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name changeable phacelia. It is native to the western United...
Phacelia ramosissima is a species of phacelia known by the common name branching phacelia. It is native to western North America from British Columbia...
Phacelia imbricata is a species of phacelia known by the common name imbricate phacelia. It is native to much of California and Baja California, where...
Phacelia sericea, the silky phacelia or blue alpine phacelia, is a showy perennial species of Phacelia endemic to western North America. It grows mainly...
Phacelia pachyphylla is a species of phacelia known by the common name blacktack phacelia. It is native to the deserts of California and Baja California...
Phacelia curvipes is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common names Washoe phacelia and Washoe scorpionweed...
Phacelia grandiflora is a species of phacelia known by the common name largeflower phacelia. It is native to the coastal hills and southern Transverse...
Phacelia rattanii is a species of phacelia known by the common name Rattan's phacelia. It is native to northern California, Nevada, and the West Coast...
Phacelia breweri is a species of phacelia known by the common name Brewer's phacelia. The plant is endemic to northern California, in and south of the...
Phacelia dubia (known by the common names smallflower phacelia or Appalachian phacelia) is an annual forb native to the eastern United States, that produces...
Phacelia neglecta is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. Its common names include alkali phacelia and neglected scorpionweed...
Phacelia divaricata is a species of phacelia known by the common name divaricate phacelia. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the coastal...
Phacelia argillacea is a rare species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names clay phacelia and Atwood's phacelia. It is endemic...
Phacelia floribunda is a species of phacelia known by the common names many-flowered phacelia, southern island phacelia and San Clemente Island phacelia...
Phacelia fremontii (Frémont's phacelia) is a flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae native to the southwestern United States. In California, its range...
Phacelia parryi is a species of phacelia known by the common name Parry's phacelia. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows...
Phacelia hubbyi, also known as Hubby's phacelia, caterpillar phacelia, or caterpillar scorpionweed is a species of plant endemic to California. Found...
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