Global InformationPersecution of Falun Gong information
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The persecution of Falun Gong is the campaign initiated in 1999 by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to eliminate the spiritual practice of Falun Gong in China, maintaining a doctrine of state atheism.[1] It is characterized by a multifaceted propaganda campaign, a program of enforced ideological conversion and re-education and reportedly a variety of extralegal coercive measures such as arbitrary arrests, forced labor and physical torture, sometimes resulting in death.[2]
Falun Gong is a modern qigong discipline combining slow-moving exercises and meditation with a moral philosophy. It was founded by Li Hongzhi, who introduced it to the public in May 1992 in Changchun, Jilin. Following a period of rapid growth in the 1990s, the CCP launched a campaign to "eradicate" Falun Gong on 20 July 1999.[3]
The Chinese government had alleged that Falun Gong was an "evil cult" or "heretical sect" and had used that official rationale to justify to ban and eliminate the movement.[4][5][6] An extra-constitutional body called the 6-10 Office was created to lead the persecution of Falun Gong.[7] The authorities mobilized the state media apparatus, judiciary, police, army, the education system, families and workplaces against the group.[8] The campaign was driven by large-scale propaganda through television, newspaper, radio and the Internet.[9] There are reports of systematic torture,[10][11] illegal imprisonment, forced labor, organ harvesting[12] and abusive psychiatric measures, with the apparent aim of forcing practitioners to recant their belief in Falun Gong.[3]
Foreign observers estimate that hundreds of thousands and perhaps millions of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained in "re-education through labor" camps, prisons and other detention facilities for refusing to renounce the spiritual practice.[7][13] Former prisoners have reported that Falun Gong practitioners consistently received "the longest sentences and worst treatment" in labor camps, and in some facilities Falun Gong practitioners formed the substantial majority of detainees.[14][15] As of 2009[update], at least 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been reportedly tortured to death in the persecution campaign.[16] Some international observers and judicial authorities have described the campaign against Falun Gong as a genocide.[17][18] In 2009, courts in Spain and Argentina indicted senior Chinese officials for genocide and crimes against humanity for their role in orchestrating the suppression of Falun Gong.[19][20][21]
In 2006, allegations emerged that many Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry.[12][22] An initial investigation found that "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".[12] Ethan Gutmann estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.[23][24] Following additional analysis, the researchers significantly raised the estimates on the number of Falun Gong practitioners who may have been targeted for organ harvesting.[25] In 2008, United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since the year 2000".[26]
- ^ Dillon, Michael (2001). Religious Minorities and China. Minority Rights Group International.[ISBN missing][page needed]
- ^ "China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organizations'". Amnesty International. 23 March 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
- ^ a b Spiegel 2002.
- ^ Yoffe, Emily (10 August 2001). "The Gong Show". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "China Uses "Rule of Law" to Justify Falun Gong Crackdown". Human Rights Watch. 9 November 1999. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "China: Treatment of Falun Gong practitioners by state authorities; whether state authorities treat Falun Gong leaders differently than other Falun Gong practitioners (2013–September 2015)". Refworld. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
CECC2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Johnson, Ian (2005). Wild Grass: Three Portraits of Change in Modern China. New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0375719196.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Leungwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ (23 March 2000) The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called heretical organizations, Amnesty International
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
breakingwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
orgharvwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)".
- ^ Human Rights Watch V. Abuses Against Petitioners in Beijing of report "We Could Disappear at Any Time" December 2005
- ^ Leeshai Lemish, "The Games are Over, the Persecution Continues"[permanent dead link], National Post 7 October 2008
- ^ Andrew Jacobs. 'China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong', New York Times, 27 April 2009.
- ^ Samuel Totten and Paul Robert Bartrop Dictionary of Genocide. (Greewood publishing group: 2008), p 69
- ^ The Standard. 'Rights lawyers look to UN over plight of Falun Gong' Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 21 September 2005.
- ^ Reuters, "Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong" Archived 3 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 22 December 2009.
- ^ Genocide Prevention Network, 'Spanish Court Indicts Chinese Leaders for Persecution of Falun Gong'.
- ^ La Audiencia pide interrogar al ex presidente chino Jiang por genocidio, 14 November 2009
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CGOHwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Jaywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ethan Gutmann (10 March 2011) "How many harvested?" revisited Archived 20 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, eastofethan.com
- ^ Samuels, Gabriel (29 June 2016). "China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022.
- ^ Market Wired (8 May 2008) China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports Retrieved 26 October 2014