Temporal range: Lower Oligocene–Recent,[1]33.9–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Pelobates fuscus fuscus
Pelobates fuscus insubricus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Family:
Pelobatidae
Genus:
Pelobates
Species:
P. fuscus
Binomial name
Pelobates fuscus
(Laurenti, 1768)
Subspecies
P. fuscus fuscus P. fuscus insubricus
Synonyms[3]
Bombinator fuscus Fitzinger, 1826
Bufo fuscus Laurenti, 1768
Pelobates fuscus fuscus Mertens, 1923
Pelobates fuscus insubricus Crochet and Dubois, 2004
Pelobates fuscus insubricus Mertens, 1923
Pelobates fuscus var. lividus Koch, 1872
Pelobates fuscus var. orientalis Severtsov, 1913
Pelobates fuscus vespertinus Crochet and Dubois, 2004
Pelobates fuscus Wagler, 1830
Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985
Tadpole
Pelobates fuscus is a species of toad in the family Pelobatidae, native to an area extending from Central Europe to Western Asia. It is commonly known as the common spadefoot, garlic toad, the common spadefoot toad and the European common spadefoot.
The common spadefoot grows to a length of approximately 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in) for males and 8 centimetres (3.1 in) for females. The skin colouration varies depending upon habitat, gender and region, but is usually light-grey to beige-brown on the dorsal surface. The skin is mottled by darker marks that differ between individuals. The belly is white, sometimes with grey mottling. Albino specimens have been observed.
Two subspecies are traditionally recognised: Pelobates fuscus fuscus (from central Europe) and Pelobates fuscus insubricus (from Northern Italy). In reality there is no physical or behavioural character allowing to distinguish these supposed subspecies. A recent study showed that there is no haplotype segregation for the populations of Northern Italy, that, therefore, are not to be ascribed to a different subspecies.[4] Haplotypes from some Northern Italian valleys are very characteristic and support a different conception in terms of conservation: not for a different taxonomic position but, instead, for a peculiar differentiation. Populations from eastern Europe appear sufficiently different that they may warrant a separate species status (Pelobates vespertinus).
When alarmed, it emits a very loud call (alarm call) and it can exude a noxious secretion which smells like garlic, hence its common name.
^Martín, C. & Sanchiz, B. (2014). "Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)". Lisanfos KMS. Version 1.2. Online reference accessible at http://www.lisanfos.mncn.csic.es/. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid (Spain). Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
^Aram Agasyan; Aziz Avisi; Boris Tuniyev; Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic; Petros Lymberakis; Claes Andrén; Dan Cogalniceanu; John Wilkinson; Natalia Ananjeva; Nazan Üzüm; et al. (2009). "Pelobates fuscus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. IUCN: e.T16498A5951455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T16498A5951455.en.
^Darrel Frost. "Pelobates fuscus". Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. The American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^Angelica Crottini & Franco Andreone (2007). "Conservazione di un anfibio iconico: lo status di Pelobates fuscus in Italia e linee guida d'azione" (PDF). Quad. Staz. Ecol. Civ. Mus. St. Nat. Ferrara. 17: 67–76.
subspecies are traditionally recognised: Pelobatesfuscusfuscus (from central Europe) and Pelobatesfuscus insubricus (from Northern Italy). In reality...
Genus PelobatesPelobates balcanicus Western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) Common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus) Pelobates syriacus (Pelobates syriacus)...
spadefoot (Pelobates cultripes) by the colour of the spade which is black in the latter, and from the common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus) by the fact...
grows up to 11 cm and is larger and greener than the common spadefoot, Pelobatesfuscus. The tadpoles are larger than those of most other toad species. This...
bufo, Alytes obstetricans, Bombina variegata, Bufo calamita, Pelobatesfuscus and Pelobates cultripes. The frogs are represented by the Parsley frog (Pelodites...
was first described, it has been found in the common spadefoot toad (Pelobatesfuscus), the common frog (Rana temporaria), the moor frog (Rana arvalis),...
resources. indeterminate species Bufo bufo (Linnaeus) (common toad) Pelobatesfuscus Laurenti (a species of toad) Testudo graeca Linnaeus (spur-thighed...
Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, U?ur Kaya (2009). "Pelobatesfuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T16498A5951455. doi:10...
NT Family: Pelobatidae (European spadefoot toads) Common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus) VU Family: Bufonidae (true toads) Common toad (Bufo bufo) LC Natterjack...
Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, U?ur Kaya (2009). "Pelobatesfuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T16498A5951455. doi:10...
and amphibians species occur such as Smooth snake, Natterjack toad, Pelobatesfuscus, Sand lizard, Slow worm, and Viviparous lizard. Some typical birds...
the Harz region. For example, a large population of the garlic toad (Pelobatesfuscus), which is listed on the Red List of Endangered Species by the IUCN...
Syromyatnikova (2019). "Redescription of Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985 and new records of Pelobates from the late Miocene–Pleistocene of Eastern...
species are listed in the Red Data Book of Latvia — common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus), natterjack toad (Bufo calamita), smooth snake (Coronella austriaca)...
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