Global InformationPawnee people information
Chaticks si Chaticks | |
|---|---|
 Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma tribal flag | |
| Total population | |
| 3,600 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (Oklahoma, formerly Kansas and Nebraska) | |
| Languages | |
| English, formerly Pawnee | |
| Religion | |
| Native American Church, Christianity, Indigenous religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Caddo, Kitsai, Wichita, Arikara |
The Pawnee are a Central Plains Indian tribe that historically lived in Nebraska and northern Kansas but today are based in Oklahoma.[1] They are the federally recognized Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, who are headquartered in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Their Pawnee language belongs to the Caddoan language family, and their name for themselves is Chatiks si chatiks or "Men of Men".[2]
Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of earth lodges near the Loup, Republican, and South Platte rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting buffalo.
In the early 18th century, the Pawnee numbered more than 60,000 people. They lived along the Loup (ickariʾ) and Platte (kíckatuus) river areas for centuries; however, several tribes from the Great Lakes began moving onto the Great Plains and encroaching on Pawnee territory, including the Dakota, Lakota (páhriksukat / paahíksukat) ("cut throat / cuts the throat"), and Cheyenne (sáhe / sáhi). The Arapaho (sáriʾitihka) ("dog eater") also moved into Pawnee territory. Collectively, the Pawnee referred to these tribes as cárarat ("enemy tribe") or cahriksuupiíruʾ ("enemy").[citation needed] The Pawnee were occasionally at war with the Comanche (raaríhtaʾ) and Kiowa (káʾiwa) further south. They had suffered many losses due to Eurasian infectious diseases brought by the expanding Europeans and European-Americans. By 1860, the Pawnee population was reduced to just 4,000. It further decreased, because of disease, crop failure, warfare, and government rations policy, to approximately 2,400 by 1873, after which time the Pawnee were forced to move to Indian Territory, which later became Oklahoma. Many Pawnee warriors enlisted to serve as Indian scouts in the US Army to track and fight their old enemies, the Lakota, Dakota, and Cheyenne on the Great Plains.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ohswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Viola, Herman J. (2008). Warriors in Uniform: The legacy of American Indian heroism. National Geographic Books. p. 101. ISBN 9781426203619. Retrieved 1 January 2017.