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This article describes modern efforts by one country, generally Russia, to induce residents of another, voluntarily or involuntarily, to take up its citizenship. For the Soviet practice of mandating citizens identity papers (internal passports), see Propiska in the Soviet Union.
Passportization is defined as the mass conferral of citizenship to the population of a particular foreign territory by distributing passports, generally within a relatively short period.[1][2][3] This policy has primarily been used by Russian authorities who have provided easy access for persons, usually holders of former Soviet passports, to apply for Russian passports.[4] The basis for these naturalizations is Art. 14 Russian Citizenship Act, amended in 2002, which allows naturalization in a simplified procedure.[5] In particular, the requirement of five years' residence on Russian territory is suspended for former citizens of the Soviet Union, Art. 14 para. 4 Russian Citizenship Act.
As the number of Russian passport holders in regions of adjoining nations grows, Russia then invokes its national interest in defending its citizens by promoting the independence or annexation of these regions.[6] This process has been most common in Georgia and Ukraine.
^Artman, Vincent M. (2013-07-01). "Documenting Territory: Passportisation, Territory, and Exception in Abkhazia and South Ossetia". Geopolitics. 18 (3): 682–704. doi:10.1080/14650045.2013.769963. ISSN 1465-0045. S2CID 144134462.
^Hoffmann, Patrick R. (2022). Völkerrechtliche Vorgaben für die Verleihung der Staatsangehörigkeit. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 147–152. ISBN 978-3-16-161110-0.
^Ganohariti, Ramesh (2020), "Politics of Passportization and Territorial Conflicts", The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–8, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_182-1, ISBN 978-3-030-11795-5, S2CID 239978550, retrieved 2021-06-19
^Hoffmann, Patrick R. (2022). Völkerrechtliche Vorgaben für die Verleihung der Staatsangehörigkeit. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 149. ISBN 978-3-16-161110-0.
^Ganohariti, Ramesh (2020), "Politics of Passportization and Territorial Conflicts", The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–8, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_182-1, ISBN 978-3-030-11795-5, S2CID 239978550, retrieved 2021-06-19
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