Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.[1] It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally. Paratuberculosis is found worldwide, with some states in Australia (where it is usually called bovine Johne's disease or BJD) being the only areas proven to be free of the disease.[2] At least in Canada, the signs of BJD usually start when cattle are four to seven years of age, and then usually only are diagnosed in one animal at a time.[3] Cattle "with signs of Johne’s disease shed billions of bacteria through their manure and serve as a major source of infection for future calves."[4]
Some sources define "paratuberculosis" by the lack of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rather than the presence of any specific infectious agent,[5] leaving ambiguous the appropriateness of the term to describe Buruli ulcer or Lady Windermere syndrome.
^Hendrick, Steve; Waldner, Cheryl (2 October 2019). "HOME» RESEARCH » JOHNE'S DISEASE". Beef Cattle Research Council.
^Collins M. and Manning E. "Johne's Information Center" The University of Wisconsin-School of Veterinary Medicine. 13 March 2003.
^Furber, Debbie (16 December 2016). "When Johne's hits home". Canadian Cattlemen The Beef Magazine.
^Hendrick, Steve (19 March 2013). "Johne's Disease And The Ethical Dilemma". Beef Cattle Research Council.
^"paratuberculosis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
M. paratuberculosis to the Peyer's patch, the bacteria find an ideal place for growth. Macrophages in Peyer's patches engulf M. paratuberculosis for...
automatically created by the valid publication of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) and the valid publication of Mycobacterium avium...
with the bacterium M. paratuberculosis, which has been found in pasteurised retail milk in the UK and the USA. M. paratuberculosis causes a similar disorder...
Half of the ten Point Reyes dairy cattle herds were infected with paratuberculosis (aka Johne's Disease) along with exotic deer in a 1977 study. Tule...
Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, can manipulate the host macrophage to prevent lysosomes from fusing...
however there are other mycobacteria such as M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis that cannot produce this siderophore and thus it must be supplied to...
was caused by the same pathogen, a bacterium called Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP), responsible for the similar condition that afflicts cattle called...
Pasteurization is used to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria such as M. paratuberculosis and E. coli 0157:H7 by heating the milk for a short time and then immediately...
Pasteurization Conditions for the Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Milk", Journal of Food Protection, 67 (12): 2719–2726, doi:10.4315/0362-028X-67...
contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis". The Veterinary Journal. 161 (3): 306–313. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2000.0550...
Turbulent-Flow Pasteurization on Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis Added to Raw Milk". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (9):...
one transmission route.[citation needed] The bacterium which causes paratuberculosis in cattle, pigs and birds (M. a. avium) has been isolated and recovered...
epithelial dysregulation and inflammation. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages are one of the contributors...
Mycobacterium avium infections in people with HIV/AIDS and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given...
possible causative agent of the disease, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The vaccine is currently about to begin Phase 2 of its development...
because the most heat stable bacterium found in milk, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, is destroyed by temperatures lower than those required to denature...
lining the intestine. Infection by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis, has been proposed as the ultimate cause of both ulcerative colitis...
(2009). "Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis in wild European starlings at a Kansas cattle feedlot". Avian Diseases...
pathogens have been associated with Crohn's disease: Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and Clostridium difficile...
kansasii group MAC R3N M. intracellulare/M. avium M. avium subp. paratuberculosis M. chimaera R2S M. bohemicum GK R1P M. kansasii R3N M. gastri R2S M...
kansasii group MAC R3N M. intracellulare/M. avium M. avium subp. paratuberculosis M. chimaera R2S M. bohemicum GK R1P M. kansasii R3N M. gastri R2S M...
calf and cow for health related reasons, such as preventing bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). The main purpose of separating dairy cows from their...
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