Red indicates the maximal range of Panthera spelaea, blue Panthera atrox, and green Panthera leo.
Synonyms
Panthera leo spelaea M. Boule & L. De Villeneuve, 1927
Panthera spelaea, also known as the cave lion or steppe lion,[1] is an extinct Panthera species that most likely evolved in Europe after the third Cromerian interglacial stage, less than 600,000 years ago. Genetic analysis of ancient DNA has revealed that while closely related, it was a distinct species genetically isolated from the modern lion (Panthera leo) occurring in Africa and Asia,[2] with the genetic divergence between the two species variously estimated between 1.9 million[3][4] and 600,000 years ago.[5] It is closely related and probably ancestral to the American lion (Panthera atrox).[5] The species ranged from Western Europe to eastern Beringia in North America, and was a prominent member of the mammoth steppe fauna. It became extinct about 13,000 years ago.[6]
^Diedrich, C. G. (2014). "Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey". Paleontology Journal. 2014: 1–34. doi:10.1155/2014/106203.
^Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T.; Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020. PMID 15012963.
^Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F.; Wheeler, H.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V. & Sotnikova, M. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677. Bibcode:2009MolEc..18.1668B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. S2CID 46716748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2012.
^Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). "Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the Panthera Cats". Open Quaternary. 2: 4. doi:10.5334/oq.24. hdl:10576/22920.
^ abManuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020). "The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (20): 10927–10934. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710927D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117. PMC 7245068. PMID 32366643.
^Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17): 2329–2340. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.2329S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023.
Pantheraspelaea, also known as the cave lion or steppe lion, is an extinct Panthera species that most likely evolved in Europe after the third Cromerian...
atrox) is a sister lineage to P. spelaea that diverged about 0.34 million years ago.The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of...
Panthera fossilis (also known as Panthera leo fossilis or Pantheraspelaea fossilis), is an extinct species of cat belonging to the genus Panthera, known...
Panthera pardus spelaea, also known as the European Ice Age leopard, is a fossil leopard subspecies which roamed Europe in the Late Pleistocene and possibly...
a distinct species derived from the Eurasian cave or steppe lion (Pantheraspelaea), evolving after its geographic isolation in North America. Its fossils...
Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Russia. Late Pleistocene Pantheraspelaea bone fragments were radiocarbon dated to between the Weichselian glaciation...
continue using P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion. Fossil remains of Pantheraspelaea excavated in the Cromer Stage indicate that it represented a genetically...
Pleistocene epoch. It was suggested that it was conspecific with Panthera atrox and P. spelaea due to their extensive similarities. Some dental similarities...
Panthera zdanskyi is an extinct pantherine species, the fossils of which were excavated in Gansu Province, northwestern China. Due to its close relationship...
million years ago in Europe. Panthera youngi lived in the Pleistocene about 0.69 to 0.42 million years ago in China. Pantheraspelaea lived in Europe after the...
this name include: Panthera spelaea formerly P. leo spelaea, the Eurasian or European cave lion Panthera fossilis or P. spelaea fossilis or P. leo fossilis...
followed and preyed upon by various carnivores, such as brown bears, Pantheraspelaea (the cave or steppe-lion), scimitar cats, wolverines and wolves, among...
Eurasian cave lion may refer to: Panthera leo fossilis, the Middle Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion Pantheraspelaea, the Late Pleistocene Eurasian cave...
leopard Panthera pardus spelaea Al Hikmani, H.; Spalton, A.; Zafar-ul Islam, M.; al-Johany, A.; Sulayem, M.; Al-Duais, M. & Almalki, A. (2023). "Panthera pardus...
Reinhard (2011). "Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of cave lion (Pantheraspelaea) in North-Western Europe: Prey choice, competition and implications...
Alexey, N. T. (2021). "The preliminary analysis of Cave Lion cubs Pantheraspelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the permafrost of Siberia". Quaternary. 4 (3):...
J.; Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Pantheraspelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17–18): 2337. Bibcode:2011QSRv.....
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