Pancho Villa Expedition information

Pancho Villa Expedition
	Part of the Mexican Revolution, Border War
	; Cartoon by Clifford Berryman reflects American attitudes about the expedition
Date	March 14, 1916 – February 7, 1917; (10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location	State of Chihuahua, Mexico
Result	See § Aftermath
Belligerents
United States	Conventionists División del Norte; Constitutionalists Constitutional Army;
Commanders and leaders
John J. Pershing; Alexander Patch;	Pancho Villa Álvaro Obregón
Strength
c. 10,000	c. 500 (Conventionists) 22,000 (Constitutionalists)
Casualties and losses
65 killed; 67 wounded; 3 missing; 24 captured;	Conventionists: 169 killed; 115+ wounded; 19 captured; Constitutionalists: 82 killed; 51+ wounded[full citation needed];

General John J. Pershing in his camp at Colonia Dublán, studying telegraphed orders

Pancho Villa wearing bandoliers in front of an insurgent camp

The Pancho Villa Expedition—now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition,^[6] but originally referred to as the "Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army"^[1]—was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920.

The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa's attack on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War. The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa.^[7] Despite locating and defeating the main body of Villa's command who were responsible for the Columbus raid, U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson's stated main objective of preventing Villa's escape.

The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza, the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and then head of the Mexican government, resisted the U.S. incursion. The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column. The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for the possibility of war.^[8] When war was averted diplomatically, the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border.

^ ^a ^b Pershing report, October 1916, p. 4 (General Orders, No. 1)
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference jjp94 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Appendix M
^ Pierce, Frank Cushman (1917). A Brief History of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. George Banta. ISBN 9781548742218. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
^ Finley, James P. (1993). "The Buffalo Soldiers at Fort Huachuca". Huachuca Illustrated. Fort Huachuca Museum. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
^ "Mexican Expedition Campaigns". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
^ Yockelson, Mitchell. "The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 1". Prologue Magazine, Fall 1997, Vol. 29, No. 3. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
^ Cyrulik, John M. (2003). A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition Into Mexico, 1916–1917, US Army Command and General Staff College, pp. 45, 60.

Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page).

[jjp4-1] Pershing report, October 1916, p. 4 (General Orders, No. 1)

[jjp94-2] Cite error: The named reference jjp94 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] Appendix M

[5] Pierce, Frank Cushman (1917). A Brief History of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. George Banta. ISBN 9781548742218. Retrieved November 27, 2014.

[hua-6] Finley, James P. (1993). "The Buffalo Soldiers at Fort Huachuca". Huachuca Illustrated. Fort Huachuca Museum. Retrieved September 23, 2023.

[history.army.mil-7] "Mexican Expedition Campaigns". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2013.

[archives.gov1-8] Yockelson, Mitchell. "The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 1". Prologue Magazine, Fall 1997, Vol. 29, No. 3. Retrieved March 5, 2015.

[Cyrulik-9] Cyrulik, John M. (2003). A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition Into Mexico, 1916–1917, US Army Command and General Staff College, pp. 45, 60.

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