This article is about the medical technique. For pico processes in Microsoft Windows, see Windows Subsystem for Linux § Development.
For other uses, see Pico.
The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence-based practice (and specifically evidence-based medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question,[1] though it is also argued that PICO "can be used universally for every scientific endeavour in any discipline with all study designs".[2] The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in systematic reviews.[3]
The PICO acronym has come to stand for:[4][5]
P – Patient, problem or population
I – Intervention
C – Comparison, control or comparator[6]
O – Outcome(s) (e.g. pain, fatigue, nausea, infections, death)
An application that covers clinical questions about interventions, as well as exposures, risk/ prognostic factors, and test accuracy, is:[7][8]
P – Patient, problem or population
I – Investigated condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result)
C – Comparison condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result respectively)
O – Outcome(s) (e.g. symptom, syndrome, or disease of interest)
Alternatives such as SPICE and PECO (among many others) can also be used. Some authors suggest adding T and S, as follows:
T - Timing (e.g. duration of intervention, or date of publication)
S - Study type (e.g. randomized controlled trial, cohort study, etc.)
^Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D (2006). "Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions" (PDF). AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006: 359–63. PMC 1839740. PMID 17238363.
^Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas (2022). "Research Questions with PICO: A Universal Mnemonic". Publications. 10 (3): 21. doi:10.3390/publications10030021. eISSN 2304-6775.
^Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P (2007). "Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions". BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 7: 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-7-16. PMC 1904193. PMID 17573961.
^"Asking a Good Question (PICO)". 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
^Richardson, WS (1995). "The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence based-decisions". ACP Journal Club. 123, 3 (3): A12–A13. doi:10.7326/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12.
^"Chapter 2. Systematic Review Methods -- AHRQ Technical Reviews and Summaries -- NCBI Bookshelf". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). March 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
^Richardson, WS (1995). "The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence based-decisions". ACP Journal Club. 123, 3 (3): A12–A13. doi:10.7326/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12.
^Luijendijk HJ (2021). "How to PICO questions about medical tests". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 26 (4): 155–157. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111676. PMC 8311106. PMID 33789913.
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