Chemical compounds containing oxygen often used as fuel additives
For other uses, see Oxygenation.
To oxygenate means to impregnate, combine, or supply something with oxygen,[1] while oxygenates are hydrocarbons containing at least one oxygen atom that are used as fuel additives[2] to promote complete combustion in fuel mixtures.[1] Oxygenates can also be employed to reduce air pollution by reducing carbon monoxide production and soot particle size and compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are side-products caused by incomplete combustion.[3]
The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction.[4] Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom.[4] However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining.[5]
Alcohols:
Methanol (MeOH)
Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
n-Butanol (BuOH)
Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
Ethers:
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)
^ ab"Definition of OXYGENATE". www.merriam-webster.com. 2 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
^US EPA, OAR (7 August 2015). "Gasoline Winter Oxygenates". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
^Inal, Fikret; Senkan, Selim M. (2002). "Effects of oxygenate additives on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(pahs) and soot formation". Combustion Science and Technology. 174 (9): 1–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.1105. doi:10.1080/00102200290021353. S2CID 56015797.
^ abYeboah, Isaac; Feng, Xiang; Rout, Kumar R.; Chen, De (27 October 2021). "Versatile One-Pot Tandem Conversion of Biomass-Derived Light Oxygenates into High-Yield Jet Fuel Range Aromatics". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 60 (42): 15095–15105. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02994. ISSN 0888-5885.
^Ni, Wei; Zhu, Gangtian; Liu, Fei; Li, Zhiyong; Xie, Can; Han, Yuanjia (19 August 2021). "Carboxylic Acids in Petroleum: Separation, Analysis, and Geochemical Significance". Energy & Fuels. 35 (16): 12828–12844. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01518. ISSN 0887-0624.
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