Britain US Canada Australia New Zealand Czechoslovakia Brazil
Commanders and leaders
Karl Dönitz
Ralph Leatham
Units involved
Befehlshaber der U-Boote (Commander, U-boats) Marine-Gruppenkommando West (Naval Group West) Luftwaffe (Fliegerfuhrer Atlantik)
Royal Navy US Navy (ships and aircraft) Royal Canadian Navy Royal New Zealand Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Royal Australian Air Force Brazilian Air Force Czechoslovak Air Force (in British service)
Neutral ships from Ireland and Spain rescued German survivors
v
t
e
Atlantic campaign
Americas
United States
Caribbean
St. Lawrence
Northern Barrage
Blockade of Germany
Gibraltar
1939
River Plate
1940
HX 47
HX 49
1st Happy Time
HX 65
SC 2
HX 72
SC 7
HX 79
HX 84
Nordseetour
HX 90
1941
SC 19
SC 20
Berlin
HX 106
HG 53
OB 293
HX 112
4 April
OB 318
HX 126
Rheinübung
Denmark Strait
Bismarck
HX 133
OG 69
OG 71
SC 42
HG 73
SC 48
HX 156
HG 76
1942
Postmaster
2nd Happy Time
Torpedo Alley
SC 67
Neuland
ON 67
27 March
OG 82
ON 92
6 June
HG 84
SL 78
QS 15
ON 113
ON 115
SC 94
ON 122
Bell Island
QS 33
ON 127
Laconia
SQ 36
SC 100
SG 6/LN 6
SC 104
HX 212
SL 125
SC 107
ON 144
ON 153
ON 154
1943
TM 1
SG 19
SC 118
ON 166
UC 1
SC 121
HX 228
UGS 6
HX 229/SC 122
HX 231
Black May
ONS 5
HX 237
SC 129
SC 130
Faith
ONS 18/ON 202
SC 143
ONS 20/ON 206
Sept-Îles
ON 207
SL 138/MKS 28
SL 139/MKS 30
SL 140/MKS 31
Stonewall
Bay of Biscay
1944
Lyme Bay
26 April 1944
Capture of U-505
HX 300
WEP 3
BX 141
1945
Teardrop
Point Judith
5–6 May 1945
7–8 May 1945
Operation Stonewall was an Allied naval and air operation in the Second World War from 26 to 27 December 1943, to intercept blockade-runners sailing to German-occupied France through the Bay of Biscay. Operations Barrier and Freecar, by the Allied navies and the Brazilian Air Force, had taken place in the south- and mid-Atlantic. The ships were tracked by OP-20-G (US Navy) and British (Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park) code-breakers, which decrypted Japanese machine cyphers and German Enigma machine transmissions to U-boats (Shark cypher) and blockade-runners (Sunfish cypher).
At the west end of the Bay of Biscay, Royal Navy and Allied ships, with Coastal Command aircraft of Operation Stonewall hunted the blockade-runners, assisted by convoy Escort Groups and support groups diverted from nearby convoys. Osorno and Alsterufer were the first two blockade-runners of the late 1943 – early 1944 season. Osorno evaded interception and was escorted into the estuary of the Gironde by German destroyers and torpedo boats (small destroyers).
On 27 December, Alsterufer was spotted by a fighter from an American escort carrier, then attacked by Australian, British and Canadian, Coastal Command, Sunderland flying boats but suffered little damage. At 4:07 p.m. Liberator GR Mk V "H" of 311 (Czech) Squadron made a low-altitude attack on Alsterufer with rockets and bombs, setting the ship on fire. Alsterufer sank the next day and 74 survivors were rescued 48 hours later by Canadian corvettes.
The German destroyers and torpedo boats that had escorted Osorno to port sailed to rendezvous with Alsterufer, the Germans being unaware of the bombing of the ship. Using Enigma decrypts of their positions, the German ships were bombed by US Liberators and then intercepted by the cruisers HMS Glasgow and Enterprise of Operation Stonewall. In the Battle of the Bay of Biscay one of the destroyers and two torpedo boats were sunk during a severe storm. Sailings of blockade-runners from France were cancelled and three runners from Japan were sunk by the US Navy in the south Atlantic in January 1944.
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