Senior-level U.S. bio-terrorist attack simulation exercise
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Operation Dark Winter
Location
Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, U.S.
Date
June 22, 2001 (2001-06-22) – June 23, 2001 (2001-06-23)
Operation Dark Winter was the code name for a senior-level bio-terrorist attack simulation conducted on June 22–23, 2001.[1][2][3][4] It was designed to carry out a mock version of a covert and widespread smallpox attack on the United States. Tara O'Toole and Tom Inglesby of the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies (CCBS) / Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), and Randy Larsen and Mark DeMier of Analytic Services were the principal designers, authors, and controllers of the Dark Winter project.
^O'Toole, Tara (1 April 2002). "Shining Light on "Dark Winter"". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34 (7): 972–983. doi:10.1086/339909. PMID 11880964.
^O'Leary, N. P. M. (2005). "Bio-terrorism or Avian Influenza: California, The Model Review". California Western Law Review Cumulative Index. 42 (2). California Western School of Law: 249–286. ISSN 0008-1639.
^Chauhan, Sharad S. (2004). Biological Weapons. APH Publishing. pp. 280–282. ISBN 978-81-7648-732-0.
^Kunstler, James Howard (2006). The Long Emergency. Grove Press. pp. 175–178. ISBN 978-0-8021-4249-8.
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