Global InformationOpen flow microperfusion information
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, membrane-free probe with macroscopic openings.[1] Thus, the entire biochemical information of the ISF becomes accessible regardless of the analyte's molecular size, protein-binding property or lipophilicity.[citation needed]
OFM is capable of sampling lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds,[2] protein bound and unbound drugs,[3][4] neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies,[5][6][7] nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.
- ^ Bodenlenz, M.; Aigner, B.; Dragatin, C.; Liebenberger, L.; Zahiragic, S.; Höfferer, C.; Birngruber, T.; Priedl, J.; Feichtner, F.; Schaupp, L.; Korsatko, S.; Ratzer, M.; Magnes, C.; Pieber, T. R.; Sinner, F. (April 2013). "Clinical applicability of dOFM devices for dermal sampling". Skin Research and Technology. 19 (4): 474–483. doi:10.1111/srt.12071. PMID 23581539. S2CID 24530499.
- ^ Altendorfer-Kroath, Thomas; Schimek, Denise; Eberl, Anita; Rauter, Günther; Ratzer, Maria; Raml, Reingard; Sinner, Frank; Birngruber, Thomas (January 2019). "Comparison of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis when sampling small lipophilic and small hydrophilic substances". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 311: 394–401. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.024. PMID 30266621. S2CID 52883354.
- ^ Schaupp, L.; Ellmerer, M.; Brunner, G. A.; Wutte, A.; Sendlhofer, G.; Trajanoski, Z.; Skrabal, F.; Pieber, T. R.; Wach, P. (1 February 1999). "Direct access to interstitial fluid in adipose tissue in humans by use of open-flow microperfusion". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 276 (2): E401–E408. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.E401. PMID 9950802. S2CID 4471213.
- ^ Ellmerer, Martin; Schaupp, Lukas; Brunner, Gernot A.; Sendlhofer, Gerald; Wutte, Andrea; Wach, Paul; Pieber, Thomas R. (1 February 2000). "Measurement of interstitial albumin in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by open-flow microperfusion". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 278 (2): E352–E356. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.2.E352. PMID 10662720. S2CID 11616153.
- ^ Dragatin, Christian; Polus, Florine; Bodenlenz, Manfred; Calonder, Claudio; Aigner, Birgit; Tiffner, Katrin Irene; Mader, Julia Katharina; Ratzer, Maria; Woessner, Ralph; Pieber, Thomas Rudolf; Cheng, Yi; Loesche, Christian; Sinner, Frank; Bruin, Gerard (February 2016). "Secukinumab distributes into dermal interstitial fluid of psoriasis patients as demonstrated by open flow microperfusion". Experimental Dermatology. 25 (2): 157–159. doi:10.1111/exd.12863. PMID 26439798. S2CID 34556907.
- ^ Kolbinger, Frank; Loesche, Christian; Valentin, Marie-Anne; Jiang, Xiaoyu; Cheng, Yi; Jarvis, Philip; Peters, Thomas; Calonder, Claudio; Bruin, Gerard; Polus, Florine; Aigner, Birgit; Lee, David M.; Bodenlenz, Manfred; Sinner, Frank; Pieber, Thomas Rudolf; Patel, Dhavalkumar D. (March 2017). "β-Defensin 2 is a responsive biomarker of IL-17A–driven skin pathology in patients with psoriasis". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 139 (3): 923–932.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.038. PMID 27502297. S2CID 30272491.
- ^ Kleinert, Maximilian; Kotzbeck, Petra; Altendorfer-Kroath, Thomas; Birngruber, Thomas; Tschöp, Matthias H.; Clemmensen, Christoffer (July 2018). "Time-resolved hypothalamic open flow micro-perfusion reveals normal leptin transport across the blood–brain barrier in leptin resistant mice". Molecular Metabolism. 13: 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.04.008. PMC 6026321. PMID 29748097.