National nuclear energy policy is a national policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, extraction and processing of nuclear fuel from the ore, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing. Nuclear energy policies often include the regulation of energy use and standards relating to the nuclear fuel cycle.
Nuclear power stations operate in 31 countries. China has 32 new reactors under construction,[1] and there are also a considerable number of new reactors being built in South Korea, India, and Russia. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10-15 years".[2] So the expanding nuclear programs in Asia are balanced by retirements of aging plants and nuclear reactor phase-outs.[3] Global nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999.[4][5]
Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its reactors and pledged to close the rest by 2022.[6] The Italians have voted overwhelmingly to keep their country non-nuclear.[7] Switzerland and Spain have banned the construction of new reactors.[8] Japan's prime minister has called for a dramatic reduction in Japan's reliance on nuclear power.[9] Taiwan's president did the same. Mexico has sidelined construction of 10 reactors in favor of developing natural-gas-fired plants.[10] Belgium planned to phase out its nuclear plants by 2025,[11] later postponed by 10 years to 2035.[12]
As of 2012, countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Serbia, Malaysia, and Norway have no nuclear power reactors and remain opposed to nuclear power.[13][14]
^"Nuclear Power in China". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
^Michael Dittmar. Taking stock of nuclear renaissance that never was Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 2010.
^Mark Diesendorf (2013). "Book review: Contesting the future of nuclear power" (PDF). Energy Policy.
^WNA (20 June 2013). "Nuclear power down in 2012". World Nuclear News.
^"Nuclear Power Today". World Nuclear Association.
^Annika Breidthardt (30 May 2011). "German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest". Reuters.
^"Italy Nuclear Referendum Results". 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012.
^Henry Sokolski (28 November 2011). "Nuclear Power Goes Rogue". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
^Tsuyoshi Inajima and Yuji Okada (28 October 2011). "Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima". Bloomberg.
^Carlos Manuel Rodriguez (4 November 2011). "Mexico Scraps Plans to Build 10 Nuclear Power Plants in Favor of Using Gas". Bloomberg Businessweek.
^"Belgium maintains nuclear phase-out policy". World Nuclear News. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^"Belgium postpones nuclear energy phase-out by 10 years over Ukraine". euronews. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^Duroyan Fertl (5 June 2011). "Germany: Nuclear power to be phased out by 2022". Green Left.
^"Nuclear power: When the steam clears". The Economist. 24 March 2011.
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