International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
Campaigns
Academic boycott
Sporting boycott
Disinvestment
Constructive engagement
Free South Africa Movement
International anti-apartheid music
International sanctions
Instruments and legislation
1962 UN Resolution 1761
1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention
1977 Gleneagles Agreement
1977 Sullivan principles
1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
Organisations
Anti-Apartheid Movement
Artists United Against Apartheid
Commonwealth of Nations
Halt All Racist Tours
Organisation of African Unity
TransAfrica
UN Special Committee against Apartheid
Conferences
1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
1978 World Conference against Racism
UN Security Council Resolutions
Resolution 134 (Sharpeville massacre)
Resolution 181 (voluntary arms embargo)
Resolution 191 (sanctions feasibility)
Resolution 282 (arms embargo strengthening)
Resolution 418 (mandatory arms embargo)
Resolution 435 (South-West Africa ceasefire)
Resolution 591 (arms embargo strengthening)
Other aspects
Elimination of Racism Day
"Biko" (song)
Activists
Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
Equity television programming ban
Rugby union and apartheid
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
Popular-music concert by Various Artists
Venue
Wembley Stadium, London
Date(s)
11 June 1988
The Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute was a popular-music concert staged on 11 June 1988 at Wembley Stadium, London, and broadcast to 67 countries and an audience of 600 million. Marking the forthcoming 70th birthday (18 July 1988) of the imprisoned anti-apartheid revolutionary Nelson Mandela, the concert was also referred to as Freedomfest, Free Nelson Mandela Concert and Mandela Day. In the United States, the Fox television network heavily censored the political aspects of the concert.[1][2][3] The concert is considered a notable example of anti-apartheid music.[4]
^Reed, T.V., The Art of Protest, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p. 174.
^Lee, Martin A., and Solomon, Norman, Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media. ISBN 0-8184-0561-9. Quoted by Norman Solomon in Shirley, John, "Political and Corporate Censorship in the Land of the Free", Gauntlet No. 3, 1992.
^Morse, Steve (13 June 1988), The Boston Globe.
^Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013). "Nelson Mandela: the triumph of the protest song". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
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