Tax and social benefit system in the UK, introduced in 1911
For the proposed scheme in Australia, see National Insurance (Australia).
Taxation in the United Kingdom
UK Government Departments
HM Treasury
HM Revenue and Customs
UK Government
VAT
Income tax
PAYE
National Insurance
Health and Social Care Levy (proposal abolished)
Corporation tax
Capital gains tax
Motoring taxes
Inheritance tax
Stamp Duty
Stamp Duty Reserve Tax
Stamp Duty Land Tax
Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings
Insurance Premium Tax
Air Passenger Duty
Petroleum Revenue Tax
Aggregates Levy
Various alcohol- and gambling-related duties
Bingo Duty
Climate Change Levy
Landfill tax
Machine Games Duty
Tobacco Duty
Vehicle Excise Duty
Scottish Government
Revenue Scotland
Scottish income tax
Land and Buildings Transaction Tax
Scottish Landfill Tax
Air Departure Tax
Welsh Government
Taxation in Wales
Welsh Revenue Authority
Welsh Rates of Income Tax
Land Transaction Tax
Landfill Disposals Tax
Local Government
Council Tax
Domestic rates in Northern Ireland
Business rates in England
Business rates in Wales
Business rates in Scotland
Business rates in Northern Ireland
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National Insurance (NI) is a fundamental component of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. It acts as a form of social security, since payment of NI contributions establishes entitlement to certain state benefits for workers and their families.
Introduced by the National Insurance Act 1911 and expanded by the Labour government in 1948, the system has been subjected to numerous amendments in succeeding years. Initially, it was a contributory form of insurance against illness and unemployment, and eventually provided retirement pensions and other benefits.[1]
Currently, workers pay contributions from the age of 16 years, until the age they become eligible for the State pension. Contributions are due from employed people earning at or above a threshold called the Lower Earnings Limit, the value of which is reviewed each year. Self-employed people contribute partly through a fixed weekly or monthly payment and partly on a percentage of net profits above a threshold, which is reviewed periodically. Individuals may also make voluntary contributions to fill a gap in their contributions record and thus protect their entitlement to benefits.
Contributions are collected by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). For employees, this is done through the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) system along with Income Tax, repayments of Student Loans and any Apprenticeship Levy which the employer is liable to pay.[2] National Insurance contributions form a significant proportion of the UK Government's revenue, raising £145 billion in 2019-20 (representing 17.5% of all tax revenue).[3]
The benefit component includes several contributory benefits, availability and amount of which is determined by the claimant's contribution record and circumstances. Weekly income and some lump-sum benefits are provided for participants upon death, retirement, unemployment, maternity and disability. In order to obtain the benefits which are related to the contributions, a National Insurance number is necessary.[4]
^The Committee Office, House of Commons. "www.parliament.uk: Select Committee on Social Security Fifth Report, the Contributory Principle: The relationship between tax and National Insurance". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^"PAYE and payroll for employers". GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^"National Insurance Contributions (NICs)".
^"National Insurance". GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
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