Two propositions or events that cannot both be true
This article is about logical exclusivity of events and propositions. For the concept in concurrent computing, see Mutual exclusion. For the concept in developmental psychology, see Mutual exclusivity (psychology).
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In logic and probability theory, two events (or propositions) are mutually exclusive or disjoint if they cannot both occur at the same time. A clear example is the set of outcomes of a single coin toss, which can result in either heads or tails, but not both.
In the coin-tossing example, both outcomes are, in theory, collectively exhaustive, which means that at least one of the outcomes must happen, so these two possibilities together exhaust all the possibilities.[1] However, not all mutually exclusive events are collectively exhaustive. For example, the outcomes 1 and 4 of a single roll of a six-sided die are mutually exclusive (both cannot happen at the same time) but not collectively exhaustive (there are other possible outcomes; 2,3,5,6).
^Miller, Scott; Childers, Donald (2012). Probability and Random Processes (Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-12-386981-4. The sample space is the collection or set of 'all possible' distinct (collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive) outcomes of an experiment.
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