Global InformationMuhumusa information
Muhumusa (also spelled Muhumuza, Muhumsa, and Nyiragahumusa)[1] was a leader of the east African Nyabingi spiritual practice, which was influential in Rwanda and Uganda from 1850 to 1950.[1] Muhumusa is said to have been a medium of the spirit of a legendary African woman, known as Nyabinghi (also spelled Nyabingi[2] and Nyabyinshi[3]).
According to some Rwandan sources, her original name was Muserakande,[2] and she was married to and had a son named Biregeya with Kigeri Rwabugiri,[4] the King of Rwanda from 1867 to 1895.[5] Following Rwabugiri's death in 1895 and the coup at Rucunshu in 1896, which was orchestrated by Rwabugiri's favourite wife, Kanjogera, to overthrow his chosen successor, Rutarindwa, and enthrone her son, Musinga, Muserakande allegedly fled north to Mpororo with her son to escape massacre.[6] Other sources, however, claim Muhumusa was originally named Nyakayoga and had been married to Rutarindwa prior to his death.[2]
- ^ a b Freedman, Jim (1984). Nyabingi: The Social History of an African Deity. Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
- ^ a b c Des Forges, Alison (2011). Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 103, 120–121. ISBN 978-0-299-28144-1.
- ^ Anonymous (2007). "Nyabyinshi: The warrior virgin princess, her journey". The New Times. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ Vansina, Jan (2004). Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN 0-299-20120-1.
- ^ Newbury, Catharine (1978). "Ethnicity in Rwanda: The Case of Kinyaga". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 48 (1): 18. doi:10.2307/1158708. JSTOR 1158708. S2CID 145171247.
- ^ Rutayisire, Paul (2016). 'Rwanda Under German and Belgian Colonization' in History of Rwanda. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission. p. 219. ISBN 978-99977-709-6-7.