Global InformationMpox information
| Mpox | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mpox rash on arm and leg of a four-year-old girl in 1971 | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Infectious disease[1] |
| Symptoms | Rash, fever, exhaustion, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, sore throat[2] |
| Complications | secondary infections, pneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and loss of vision with severe eye infection[1] |
| Usual onset | 5–21 days post exposure[2] |
| Duration | 2 to 4 weeks[2] |
| Types | Clade I, Clade II[1] |
| Causes | Monkeypox virus[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Testing for viral DNA[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Chickenpox, smallpox[4] |
| Prevention | Smallpox & mpox vaccine, hand washing, covering rash, PPE, social distancing[1] |
| Treatment | Supportive[1] |
| Medication | Tecovirimat, antivirals[1] |
| Prognosis | Most recover[5] |
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox)[6] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals.[1] Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.[1] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[5] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks.[2] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[7]
The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus,[a] a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The variola virus, the causative agent of the disease smallpox, is also in this genus.[1] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with infected skin or body fluids, including sexual contact.[1] People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed.[7] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[7] Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR testing a lesion for the virus' DNA.[1]
Vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of infection.[1] Evidence shows that the MVA-BN[b] vaccine is 86% effective at reducing the risk of mpox illness.[8][9][10] The aim of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications[1] as there is no specific treatment for the disease.[11] Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat can be used to treat mpox,[1] although their effectiveness has not been proved.[12]
Mpox is endemic in central and western Africa, where several species of mammals are suspected to act as a natural reservoir of the virus.[1] The first human cases were diagnosed in 1970 in Basankusu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.[13] Since then the frequency and severity of outbreaks has significantly increased, possibly as a result of waning immunity since the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination.[13] The 2022–2023 mpox outbreak represents the first incidence of widespread community transmission outside of Africa. This was initially identified in the United Kingdom in May 2022, with subsequent cases confirmed in 111 countries as of May 2023.[14] The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) between 23 July 2022 and 10 May 2023.[15]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "WHO Factsheet – Mpox (Monkeypox)". World Health Organization (WHO). 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Mpox Symptoms". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2 February 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CDC_Aboutwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mc2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Who291122was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Mpox (monkeypox)". World Health Organization. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Jynneos Vaccine Effectiveness". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Considerations on posology for the use of the vaccine Jynneos/ Imvanex (MVA-BN) against monkeypox" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 19 August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Protecting you from mpox (monkeypox): information on the smallpox vaccination". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Mpox (formerly Monkeypox)". NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Patient's Guide to Mpox Treatment with Tecovirimat (TPOXX)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ a b Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. (February 2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. PMC 8870502. PMID 35148313.
- ^ "Mpox is no longer officially a public health emergency; here's why we shouldn't let down our guard | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance". www.gavi.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ "Mpox (monkeypox) Outbreak". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
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