Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach developed in part by clinical psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick. It is a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Compared with non-directive counseling, it is more focused and goal-directed, and departs from traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy through this use of direction, in which therapists attempt to influence clients to consider making changes, rather than engaging in non-directive therapeutic exploration. The examination and resolution of ambivalence is a central purpose, and the counselor is intentionally directive in pursuing this goal.[1] MI is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style for interpersonal relationship.[2]
Core concepts evolved from experience in the treatment of problem drinkers, and MI was first described by Miller (1983) in an article published in the journal Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Miller and Rollnick elaborated on these fundamental concepts and approaches in 1991 in a more detailed description of clinical procedures. MI has demonstrated positive effects on psychological and physiological disorders according to meta-analyses.[3][4]
^Shannon, S; Smith VJ; Gregory JW (2003). "A pilot study of motivational interviewing in adolescents with diabetes". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88 (8): 680–683. doi:10.1136/adc.88.8.680. PMC 1719597. PMID 12876161.
^Rollnick, Stephen; Miller, William R. (October 1995). "What is Motivational Interviewing?". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 23 (4): 325–334. doi:10.1017/S135246580001643X. S2CID 12862506.
^Rubak, Sune; Sandbæk, Annelli; Lauritzen, Torsten; Christensen, Bo (2005-04-01). "Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The British Journal of General Practice. 55 (513): 305–312. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 1463134. PMID 15826439.
^Lundahl, Brad; Burke, Brian L. (2009). "The effectiveness and applicability of motivational interviewing: a practice-friendly review of four meta-analyses". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 65 (11): 1232–1245. doi:10.1002/jclp.20638. ISSN 1097-4679. PMID 19739205.
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