Structure built to commemorate a relevant person or event
For other uses, see Monument (disambiguation).
The Monument to Nicholas I from Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg (Russia)The Taj Mahal in Agra, one of the best-known National Monuments in IndiaThe Great Pyramid of Giza built c. 2600 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders and enduring symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization since antiquity.The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, the Athenian democracy, as well as the symbol of Western Civilization.The Colosseum Flavian amphitheatre in Rome, a popular monument of the Roman Empire.The Dome of the Rock, a shrine on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, covering the Foundation Stone which bears great significance for Muslims, Christians and Jews.The Torre de Belém is the most visited and best known monument in Portugal, located in Lisbon.The Christ the Redeemer statue is the most visited monument in Brazil and South America.
A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance. Some of the first monuments were dolmens or menhirs, megalithic constructions built for religious or funerary purposes.[1] Examples of monuments include statues, (war) memorials, historical buildings, archaeological sites, and cultural assets. If there is a public interest in its preservation, a monument can for example be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2] The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Cultural Heritage and Conflict gives the next definition of monument:
Monuments result from social practices of construction or conservation of material artifacts through which the ideology of their promoters is manifested. The concept of the modern monument emerged with the development of capital and the nation-state in the fifteenth century when the ruling classes began to build and conserve what were termed monuments. These practices proliferated significantly in the nineteenth century, creating the ideological frameworks for their conservation as a universal humanist duty. The twentieth century has marked a movement toward some monuments being conceived as cultural heritage in the form of remains to be preserved, and concerning commemorative monuments, there has been a shift toward the abstract counter monument. In both cases, their conflictive nature is explicit in the need for their conservation, given that a fundamental component of state action following the construction or declaration of monuments is litigating vandalism and iconoclasm. However, not all monuments represent the interests of nation-states and the ruling classes; their forms are also employed beyond Western borders and by social movements as part of subversive practices which use monuments as a means of expression, where forms previously exclusive to European elites are used by new social groups or for generating anti-monumental artifacts that directly challenge the state and the ruling classes. In conflicts, therefore, it is not so much the monument which is relevant but rather what happens to the communities that participate in its construction or destruction and their instigation of forms of social interaction.[3]
^Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 470. ISBN 978-0415252256.
^"Preserving Cultural Heritages". wmf.org. World Monument Fund. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
^Palacios González, Daniel (2020), Saloul, Ihab; Baillie, Britt (eds.), "Monument", The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Cultural Heritage and Conflict, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61493-5_23-1, ISBN 978-3-030-61493-5, retrieved 2024-03-08
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