This article is missing information about potential applications. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(October 2014)
Supramolecular complex of a chloride ion (in green), cucurbit[5]uril (rotor, in red), and cucurbit[10]uril (stator, in purple),[1] one of the first reported molecular gyroscopes
Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator, and therefore act as gyroscopes. Though any single bond or triple bond permits a chemical group to freely rotate, the compounds described as gyroscopes may protect the rotor from interactions, such as in a crystal structure with low packing density[2] or by physically surrounding the rotor avoiding steric contact.[3] A qualitative distinction can be made based on whether the activation energy needed to overcome rotational barriers is higher than the available thermal energy. If the activation energy required is higher than the available thermal energy, the rotor undergoes "site exchange", jumping in discrete steps between local energy minima on the potential energy surface. If there is thermal energy sufficiently higher than that needed to overcome the barrier to rotation, the molecular rotor can behave more like a macroscopic freely rotating inertial mass.[2]
A p-Phenylene rotor (red) rotates on two acetylene (black) axles between two m-methoxy-substituted trityl stators (blue).
For example, several studies in 2002 with a p-phenylene rotor found that some structures using variable-temperature (VT) solid-state 13C CPMAS and quadrupolar echo 2H NMR were able to detect a two-site exchange rate of 1.6 MHz (over 106/second at 65 °C), described as "remarkably fast for a phenylene group in a crystalline solid", with steric barriers of 12–14 kcal/mol. However, tert-butyl modification of the rotor increased the exchange rate to over 108 per second at room temperature, and the rate for inertially rotating p-phenylene without barriers is estimated to be approximately 2.4 x 1012 revolutions per second.[2]
Year of publication
Rotor
Stator
Linkage
Reference
2002
cucurbit[5]uril
cucurbit[10]uril
noncovalent
[1]
2007
p-phenylene
two m-methoxy-substituted trityl groups
triple bonds
[2]
2007
p-phenylene
triply bridged trityl cage
triple bonds
[4]
2010
halogen-substituted p-phenylene
silaalkane chains
single bonds
[3]
2014
p-phenylene
trityl groups bridged by photoactive azobenzene bridge
triple bonds
[5]
2015
H–Pt–H
two tri-tert-butylphosphine groups
Pt–P bonds
[6]
^ abDay, Anthony I.; Blanch, Rodney J.; Arnold, Alan P.; Lorenzo, Susan; Lewis, Gareth R.; Dance, Ian (2002). "A Cucurbituril-Based Gyroscane: A New Supramolecular Form". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2): 275–277. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020118)41:2<275::AID-ANIE275>3.0.CO;2-M.
^ abcdTinh-Alfredo V. Khuong; Hung Dang; Peter D. Jarowski; Emily F. Maverick & Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay (2007). "Rotational Dynamics in a Crystalline Molecular Gyroscope by Variable-Temperature 13C NMR, 2H NMR, X-Ray Diffraction, and Force Field Calculations" (PDF). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (4): 839–845. doi:10.1021/ja064325c. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
^ abWataru Setaka; Soichiro Ohmizu; Mitsuo Kira (2010). "Molecular Gyroscope Having a Halogen-substituted p-Phenylene Rotator and Silaalkane Chain Stators". Chemistry Letters. 39 (5): 468–469. doi:10.1246/cl.2010.468.
^Jose E. Nuez; Arunkumar Natarajan; Saeed I. Khan & Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay (2007). "Synthesis of a Triply-Bridged Molecular Gyroscope by a Directed Meridional Cyclization Strategy" (PDF). Org. Lett. 9 (18): 3559–3561. doi:10.1021/ol071379y. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
^Patrick Commins & Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay (2014). "Photochromic Molecular Gyroscope with Solid State Rotational States Determined by an Azobenzene Bridge". J. Org. Chem. 79 (4): 1611–1619. doi:10.1021/jo402516n.
^Ernest Prack; Christopher A. O’Keefe; Jeremy K. Moore; Angel Lai; Alan J. Lough; Peter M. Macdonald; Mark S. Conradi; Robert W. Schurko; Ulrich Fekl (2015). "A Molecular Rotor Possessing an H–M–H "Spoke" on a P–M–P "Axle": A Platinum(II) trans-Dihydride Spins Rapidly Even at 75 K". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (42): 13464–13467. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b08213.
and 27 Related for: Molecular gyroscope information
Moleculargyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator, and therefore act as...
A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gŷros, "round" and σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular...
X-ray structural analysis that revealed the complex resembled a moleculargyroscope. In this case, the free rotation of the CB[5] within the CB[10] cavity...
of that ACPO sphere is exceeded only by two of the four fused-quartz gyroscope rotors flown on Gravity Probe B, which were manufactured in the late 1990s...
rotors, gears, gyroscopes, tweezers, and other molecular devices. Technomimetics can be considered as the essential components of molecular machines and...
microscope. The rotational excitation of molecular hydrogen and its isotopes were detected. Balancing machine Gyroscope Infrared spectroscopy Rigid body Rotational...
Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Machmeter Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Sextant Turn coordinator...
microstates) in a system. The solid angle or the rate of precession in a gyroscope In particle physics to represent the Omega baryons In astronomy (cosmology)...
Molecular electronic transducers (MET) are a class of inertial sensors (which include accelerometers, gyroscopes, tilt meters, seismometers, and related...
without integration in conditioning electronics. Gyroscopes also measure angular rate. Generally gyroscopes are able to measure a constant rotation rate,...
engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces...
cables. Low-molecular-weight PCTFE waxes, oils and greases find their application as inert sealants and lubricants. They are also used as gyroscope flotation...
measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth-orbiting satellite at 650 km (400 mi) of altitude...
constants can be determined. When an external torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope along an axis that is at right angles to the spin axis, the rim velocity...
with ASGs, with the established ring laser gyroscope, fiber optic gyroscope and hemispherical resonator gyroscope in future inertial guidance applications...
During the mission, she successfully added another truss segment, a new gyroscope and external spare parts platform to the International Space Station....
A solid-state version of the gyroscope, using the interference of light, has been developed. The fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) has no moving parts and...
rhopalia are suspended on stalks with heavy crystals at one end, acting like gyroscopes to orient the eyes skyward. Certain jellyfish look upward at the mangrove...
trunk releases. In an aircraft, the vacuum source is often used to power gyroscopes in the various flight instruments. To prevent the complete loss of instrumentation...
in Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment and is used to suspend the gyroscopes in Gravity Probe B during launch. Due to Earnshaw's theorem, no static...
of that ACPO sphere is exceeded only by two of the four fused-quartz gyroscope rotors flown on Gravity Probe B, which were manufactured in the late 1990s...
intake vacuum) through a braking booster, in most light aircraft to drive gyroscopic flight instruments, in evacuating refrigerant lines during installation...
software (such as a magnetometer, a proximity sensor, a barometer, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, and more), and support diverse wireless communication...
of repeat units. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called side chains hang from this backbone; they are usually hung...
about navigation below. Level (instrument) Laser line level Spirit level Gyroscope Coordinate-measuring machine This includes basic quantities found in classical-...
mechanical devices. MEMS technology is distinguished from molecular nanotechnology or molecular electronics in that the latter two must also consider surface...
optogenetics range. In December, Novartis announced it would purchase Gyroscope Therapeutics from health care investment company, Syncona Ltd, for up...
Global Information
