Missouri Executive Order 44 (known as the Mormon Extermination Order) was a state executive order issued by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 27, 1838, in response to the Battle of Crooked River. The clash had been triggered when a state militia unit from Ray County detained several Mormon hostages from Caldwell County, and the subsequent attempt by the Mormons to rescue them.[1]
Based on exaggerated reports of the battle and rumors of Mormon military plans, Boggs claimed that the Mormons had committed "open and avowed defiance of the law" and had "made war upon the people of Missouri".[2] Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description".[3]
The order was directed to General John Bullock Clark, and it was implemented by the state militia to forcefully displace the Mormons from their lands in Missouri. In response to the order, the Mormons surrendered and subsequently sought refuge in Nauvoo, Illinois.
The language of the order, particularly the use of the term "extermination", has been a subject of debate.[4] While the order authorized the use of force to remove the Mormons from Missouri, Boggs himself later clarified that he did not seek bloodshed or the annihilation of the Mormon population should they surrender.[5] In 1976, citing its unconstitutional nature, Missouri Governor Kit Bond formally rescinded it.
^DeVoto 2000, pp. 84–85
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Greene 1839, pp. 8, 26
^Pokin, Steve. "Pokin Around: Was there ever a time in Missouri when you could legally kill a Mormon?". Springfield News-Leader. Retrieved November 8, 2023. In 1838 parlance, Lawson says, the word "exterminate" primarily meant to "force to leave an area."
^Cite error: The named reference LeSueur163 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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