National police agency of the Polish People's Republic
Milicja Obywatelska MO Citizens' Militia
Milicja patch
Collar patch known as palemka
Common name
Milicja
Abbreviation
MO
Agency overview
Formed
7 October 1944
Dissolved
May 1990
Superseding agency
Policja
Employees
80,000 (1980s)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
National agency
Polish People's Republic
Operations jurisdiction
Polish People's Republic
General nature
Civilian police
Operational structure
Headquarters
Warsaw
Agency executive
Franciszek Jóźwiak, as first Chief Commander
Parent agency
Ministry of Public Security (UB)
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Child agency
ZOMO, ORMO
Milicja Obywatelska (Polish pronunciation:[miˈlit͡sjaɔbɨvaˈtɛlska]), in English known as the Citizens' Militia and commonly abbreviated to MO, was the national police organization of the Polish People's Republic. It was established on 7 October 1944 by the Polish Committee of National Liberation, effectively replacing the pre-war police force.[2] The Citizen's Militia would remain the predominant means of policing in Poland until 10 May 1990, when it was transformed back into Policja.
The term milicja had been adapted from the cognate term, militsiya, used in several communist countries. The term is derived from militia, which derives its etymology from the concept of a military force composed of ordinary citizens. In most cases it represented a state-controlled force used to exert political repression, especially with its elite ZOMO squads.
Under both communist and post-communist governments, the Polish police system has traditionally operated under the auspices of national authority. Starting at the end of World War II, Poland went under the influence of the Soviet Union. In 1948, the country's strengthened turn toward Stalinism brought the beginning of formalised totalitarian rule, "in which one Party ruled autonomously over all sections of society".[3] Training for the force was conducted in the town of Legionowo.
^"Ogólnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Internowanych i Represjonowanych - Biuletyn 24".
^Czubacki, Jacek (7 October 2015). "Powstanie Milicji Obywatelskiej 7 października 1944". Historia zapomniana i mniej znana. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^Kemp-Welch, A. (2008). Poland under Communism: A Cold War History, p. 26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71117-3.
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