This Z antenna tested at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is smaller than a standard antenna with comparable properties. Its high efficiency is derived from the "Z element" inside the square that acts as a metamaterial, greatly boosting the radiated signal. The square is 30 millimeters on a side.
Metamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterials to increase performance of miniaturized (electrically small) antenna systems.[1] Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch energy into free space. However, this class of antenna incorporates metamaterials, which are materials engineered with novel, often microscopic, structures to produce unusual physical properties. Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the antenna's radiated power.
Conventional antennas that are very small compared to the wavelength reflect most of the signal back to the source. A metamaterial antenna behaves as if it were much larger than its actual size, because its novel structure stores and re-radiates energy. Established lithography techniques can be used to print metamaterial elements on a PC board.[2][3][4][5][6]
These novel antennas aid applications such as portable interaction with satellites, wide angle beam steering, emergency communications devices, micro-sensors and portable ground-penetrating radars to search for geophysical features.
Some applications for metamaterial antennas are wireless communication, space communications, GPS, satellites, space vehicle navigation and airplanes.
^Slyusar V. I. 60 Years of Electrically Small Antennas Theory.//Proceedings of the 6-th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17–21 September 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine. - Pp. 116 - 118. [1]
^Cite error: The named reference Directive-emission was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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Omar F., Siddiqui; Mo Mojahedi; George V. Eleftheriades (2003-10-14). "Periodically LTL With Effective NRI and Negative Group Velocity". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 51 (10): 2619–2625. Bibcode:2003ITAP...51.2619S. doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.817556.
^Cite error: The named reference radiation-properties was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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Wu, B.-I.; W. Wang; J. Pacheco; X. Chen; T. Grzegorczyk; J. A. Kong (2005). "A Study of Using Metamaterials as Antenna Substrate to Enhance Gain". Progress in Electromagnetics Research. 51: 295–328 (34 pages). doi:10.2528/PIER04070701.
^Ost, Laura (January 26, 2010). "Engineered Metamaterials Enable Remarkably Small Antennas". Description of research results. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-22. Some content is derived from Public Domain material on the NIST web site.
Ziolkowski, Richard W.; Jin, Peng; Nielsen, J. A.; Tanielian, M. H.; Holloway, Christopher L. (2009). "Experimental Verification of Z Antennas at UHF Frequencies" (PDF). IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 8: 1329. Bibcode:2009IAWPL...8.1329Z. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2009.2038180. S2CID 5558201.
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