A metachronal swimming or metachronal rowing is the swimming technique used by animals with multiple pairs of swimming legs. In this technique, appendages are sequentially stroked in a back-to-front wave moving along the animal’s body.[1] In literature, while metachronal rhythm or metachronal wave usually refer to the movement of cilia;[2] metachronal coordination,[3] metachronal beating,[4] metachronal swimming or metachronal rowing[5] usually refer to the leg movement of arthropods, such as mantis shrimp, copepods, antarctic krill etc. though all of them refer to the similar locomotion pattern.
Metachronous indicates something not functioning or occurring synchronously, or occurring or starting at different times.[6] This word is derived from Greek meta- μετά- meaning, occurring later than or in succession to : after, and -chronous -Χρόνος meaning, of (such) a time or period.[7][8]
Swimming legs should coordinate to avoid interference among appendage pairs. To accomplish this challenge, almost all free-swimming crustaceans adapted to some version of metachronism.[5]
^Knight-Jones E.W. and A. Macfadyen, 1959. The metachronism of limb and body movements in annelids and arthropods. Proc. XVth Int. Cong. Zool. pp. 969-971.
^Niedermayer, Thomas; Eckhardt, Bruno; Lenz, Peter (September 2008). "Synchronization, phase locking, and metachronal wave formation in ciliary chains". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 18 (3): 037128. doi:10.1063/1.2956984. ISSN 1054-1500. PMID 19045502.
^Campos, Eric Octavio; Caldwell, Roy L.; Vilhena, Daril (2012-01-01). "Pleopod Rowing Is Used to Achieve High Forward Swimming Speeds During the Escape Response of Odontodactylus havanensis (Stomatopoda)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 32 (2): 171–179. doi:10.1163/193724011x615596. ISSN 0278-0372.
^van Duren, L. A. (2003-01-15). "Escape from viscosity: the kinematics and hydrodynamics of copepod foraging and escape swimming". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1242/jeb.00079. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 12477897.
^ abMurphy, D. W.; Webster, D. R.; Kawaguchi, S.; King, R.; Yen, J. (2011-07-28). "Metachronal swimming in Antarctic krill: gait kinematics and system design". Marine Biology. 158 (11): 2541–2554. doi:10.1007/s00227-011-1755-y. ISSN 0025-3162.
^"Medical Definition of METACHRONOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
^"Definition of META". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
^"Definition of -CHRONOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
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