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Competition law
Basic concepts
History of competition law
Monopoly and oligopoly
Coercive monopoly
Natural monopoly
Barriers to entry
Herfindahl–Hirschman index
Market concentration
Market power
SSNIP test
Relevant market
Merger control
Anti-competitive practices
Monopolization
Collusion
Formation of cartels
Price fixing (cases)
Bid rigging
Tacit collusion
Product bundling and tying
Refusal to deal
Group boycott
Essential facilities
Exclusive dealing
Dividing territories
Predatory pricing
Misuse of patents and copyrights
Enforcement authorities and organizations
International Competition Network
List of competition regulators
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Merger control refers to the procedure of reviewing mergers and acquisitions under antitrust / competition law. Over 130 nations worldwide have adopted a regime providing for merger control. National or supernational competition agencies such as the EU European Commission, the UK Competition and Markets Authority, or the US Department of Justice or Federal Trade Commission are normally entrusted with the role of reviewing mergers.
Merger control regimes are adopted to prevent anti-competitive consequences of concentrations (as mergers and acquisitions are also known). Accordingly, most merger control regimes normally provide for one of the following substantive tests:
Does the concentration significantly impede effective competition? (EU, Germany)
Does the concentration substantially lessen competition? (US, UK)
Does the concentration lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position? (Switzerland, Russia)
In practice most merger control regimes are based on very similar underlying principles. In simple terms, the creation of a dominant position would usually result in a substantial lessening of or significant impediment to effective competition.
The large majority of modern merger control regimes are of an ex-ante nature, i.e. the reviewing authorities carry out their assessment before the transaction is implemented.
While it is indisputable that a concentration may lead to a reduction in output and result in higher prices and thus in a welfare loss to consumers, the antitrust authority faces the challenge of applying various economic theories and rules in a legally binding procedure.
Mergercontrol refers to the procedure of reviewing mergers and acquisitions under antitrust / competition law. Over 130 nations worldwide have adopted...
largest mergers and acquisitions Management control Management due diligence Mergers and acquisitions in United Kingdom law MergercontrolMerger integration...
as a whole. Specifically, the level of control may lead to higher prices, less innovation and production. Mergers and acquisitions are regulated by competition...
possible that the transaction is not subject to mergercontrol (because Company A had been deemed to already control Company B before the share purchase, under...
alternation which also has a long history in general forms of English), the merger of /str/ and /skr/, and yod-rhotacization (where beautiful is pronounced...
services operating in the United States. The company was formed by the 2008 merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, merging them into SiriusXM...
headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It was formed on December 9, 2013, by the merger of AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, and US Airways...
decisions can be appealed to the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT). UK mergercontrol is governed by the Enterprise Act 2002, as amended by the Enterprise...
was formed via the merger of American company Johnson Controls with Tyco International, announced on 25 January 2016. The merger led to the avoidance...
position. Practices controlled in this way may include predatory pricing, tying, price gouging, and refusal to deal. supervising the mergers and acquisitions...
firms' dominant market positions under article 102 TFEU. Mergers, control of proposed mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures involving companies that...
concept of media pluralism is broader as it touches many aspects, from mergercontrol rules to editorial freedom, the status of public service broadcasters...
Galaxy mergers can occur when two (or more) galaxies collide. They are the most violent type of galaxy interaction. The gravitational interactions between...
merger terms, and signing a share exchange agreement. At the closing, the shell company issues a substantial majority of its shares and board control...
acquired by ZF Friedrichshafen through a merger agreement and thereafter became the Commercial Vehicle Control Systems division of ZF. WABCO Holdings'...
forms of collusion or anti-competitive organization such as corporate mergers. The word cartel comes from the Italian word cartello, which means a "leaf...
of compliance with legislation regarding public procurement and the mergercontrol. The new Act on Procurement and Concession Contracts (1397/2016) gave...
ability of firms to accrue market power. Such legislation often regulates mergers and sometimes introduces a judicial power to compel divestiture. Market...
their employers. The Sherman Act had also triggered the largest wave of mergers in US history, as businesses realized that instead of creating a cartel...
scrutiny of mergers, including vertical mergers. Proponents believe antitrust laws should focus less on short-term price effects of mergers and more on...
The 2019 merger of CBS Corporation and Viacom was announced on August 13, 2019, and was completed on December 4, 2019. The merger of equals reunited CBS...
Merger guidelines in the United States are a set of internal rules promulgated by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) in conjunction...
the largest mergers and acquisitions by decade of transaction. Transaction values are given in the US dollar value for the year of the merger, adjusted...
UK's competition watchdog". www.ft.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023. "MergerControl 2023 - UK | Global Practice Guides | Chambers and Partners". practiceguides...
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