Mediumship information

Medium Eva Carrière photographed in 1912 with a light appearing between her hands.

Mediumship is the pseudoscientific^[1] practice of mediating communication between familiar spirits or spirits of the dead and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums".^[2]^[3] There are different types of mediumship or spirit channelling, including séance tables, trance, and ouija. The practice is associated with spiritualism and spiritism. A similar New Age practice is known as channeling.

Belief in psychic ability is widespread^[4] despite the absence of empirical evidence for its existence.^[5] Scientific researchers have attempted to ascertain the validity of claims of mediumship for more than one hundred years and have consistently failed to confirm them. As late as 2005, an experiment undertaken by the British Psychological Society reaffirmed that test subjects who self-identified as mediums demonstrated no mediumistic ability.^[6]

Mediumship gained popularity during the nineteenth century when ouija boards were used as a source of entertainment. Investigations during this period revealed widespread fraud—with some practitioners employing techniques used by stage magicians—and the practice began to lose credibility.^[7]^[8] Fraud is still rife in the medium or psychic industry, with cases of deception and trickery being discovered to this day.^[1]

Several different variants of mediumship have been described; arguably the best-known forms involve a spirit purportedly taking control of a medium's voice and using it to relay a message, or where the medium simply "hears" the message and passes it on. Other forms involve materializations of the spirit or the presence of a voice, and telekinetic activity.

^ ^a ^b Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0
^ Gilmore, Mernie (October 31, 2005). "A spiritual connection". The Express. London.
^ Brandreth, Gyles (November 3, 2002). "Is Anybody There?". The Sunday Telegraph. London.
^ "Why do a quarter of people across the world believe humans have psychic abilities?". 2019-02-27. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
^ "Believing the impossible: No evidence for existence of psychic ability found". Retrieved 2020-09-23.
^ O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results". British Journal of Psychology. 96 (2): 165–179. doi:10.1348/000712605X36361. ISSN 0007-1269. PMID 15969829.
^ Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Alfred E. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-52740-6
^ Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul. T. Y. Crowell. ISBN 978-0-690-01760-1

[Hines-1] Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0

[2] Gilmore, Mernie (October 31, 2005). "A spiritual connection". The Express. London.

[3] Brandreth, Gyles (November 3, 2002). "Is Anybody There?". The Sunday Telegraph. London.

[4] "Why do a quarter of people across the world believe humans have psychic abilities?". 2019-02-27. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2020-09-23.

[5] "Believing the impossible: No evidence for existence of psychic ability found". Retrieved 2020-09-23.

[6] O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results". British Journal of Psychology. 96 (2): 165–179. doi:10.1348/000712605X36361. ISSN 0007-1269. PMID 15969829.

[ReferenceA-7] Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Alfred E. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-52740-6

[8] Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul. T. Y. Crowell. ISBN 978-0-690-01760-1

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