Global InformationMayak information
 Mayak headquarters in Ozyorsk | |
| Company type | Federal State Unitary Enterprise |
|---|---|
| Industry | Nuclear energy |
| Founded | 1948 |
| Headquarters | Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia |
| Revenue | 195,000,000 United States dollar (1994)  |
| Parent | Rosatom[1] |
| Website | po-mayak |
The Mayak Production Association (Russian: Производственное объединение «Маяк», Proizvodstvennoye ob′yedineniye "Mayak", from Маяк 'lighthouse') is one of the largest nuclear facilities in the Russian Federation, housing a reprocessing plant. The closest settlements are Ozyorsk to the northwest and Novogornyi to the south.
Lavrentiy Beria led the Soviet atomic bomb project. He directed the construction of the Mayak Plutonium plant in the Southern Urals between 1945 and 1948, in a great hurry and secrecy as part of the Soviet Union's atomic bomb project. Over 40,000 Gulag prisoners and POWs built the factory and the closed nuclear city of Ozyorsk, called at the time by its classified postal code "Forty".[2] Five (today closed) nuclear reactors were built to produce plutonium which was refined and machined for weapons. Later the plant came to specialise in reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors and plutonium from decommissioned weapons.
Once production began, engineers quickly ran out of underground space to store high-level radioactive waste. Rather than cease production of plutonium until new underground waste storage tanks could be built, between 1949 and 1951, Soviet managers dumped 76 million cubic metres (2.7 billion cubic feet) of toxic chemicals, including 3.2 million curies of high-level radioactive waste into the Techa River, a slow-moving hydraulic system that bogs down in swamps and lakes.
As many as 40 villages, with a combined population of about 28,000, lined the river at the time.[3] For 24 of them, the Techa was a major source of water; 23 of them were eventually evacuated.[4] In the 45 years afterwards, about half a million people in the region have been irradiated in one or more of the incidents,[3][5] exposing them to up to 20 times the radiation suffered by the Chernobyl disaster victims outside of the plant itself.[6]
Investigators in 1951 found communities along the river highly contaminated. On discovery, soldiers immediately evacuated the first downriver village of Metlino, population 1,200, where radiation levels measured 3.5–5 rads/hr (35–50 mGy/hr or 10–14 μGy/s). At that rate, people would get the equivalent of a lifetime exposure to radiation in less than a week. During the following decade, ten additional communities were resettled from the river, but the largest community, Muslumovo, remained. Researchers investigated residents of Muslumovo annually in what has become a four-generation living experiment of people living among chronic, low doses of radioactivity. Blood samples showed its villagers took in caesium-137, ruthenium-106, strontium-90, and iodine-131, internally and externally. These isotopes had deposited in organs, flesh and bone marrow. Villagers complained of various illnesses and symptoms—chronic fatigue, sleep and fertility problems, weight loss, and increased hypertension. The frequency of congenital disabilities and complications at birth was three times greater than normal. In 1953, doctors examined 587 of 28,000 exposed people and found that 200 had clear cases of radiation poisoning.[7]
In 1957 Mayak was the site of the Kyshtym disaster, which at the time was the worst nuclear accident in history.[8] During this catastrophe, a poorly maintained storage tank exploded, releasing 20 million curies (740 PBq) in the form of 50–100 tons of high-level radioactive waste. The resulting radioactive cloud contaminated an expansive territory of more than 750 km2 (290 sq mi) (a nine-mile radius) in the eastern Urals, causing sickness and death from radiation poisoning.
The Soviet government kept this accident secret for about 30 years. It is rated at 6 on the seven-level INES scale. It is third in severity, surpassed only by Chernobyl in Ukraine and Fukushima in Japan.[9]
Mayak is still active as of 2020[update], and it serves as a reprocessing site for spent nuclear fuel.[10] Today the plant makes tritium and radioisotopes, not plutonium.[citation needed] In recent years, proposals that the plant reprocess waste from foreign nuclear reactors have given rise to controversy.
An incompletely reported accident appears to have occurred in September 2017;[11] see Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017.
- ^ "All enterprises". Rosatom.ru. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ Brown, Kate (2013). Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199855766. OCLC 813540523.
- ^ a b "Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River and its Effects". Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ Clay, Rebecca (April 2001). "Cold War, Hot Nukes: Legacy of an Era". Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 (4). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: a162–a169. doi:10.1289/ehp.109-a162. PMC 1240291. PMID 11335195. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Zaitchik, Alexander (8 October 2007). "Inside the Zone". The Exile. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ CHELYABINSK "The Most Contaminated Spot on the Planet" - a documentary film by Slawomir Grunberg - Log In Productions - distributed by LogTV LTD
- ^ Brown, Kate (8 July 2015). Plutopia: nuclear families, atomic cities, and the great Soviet and American plutonium disasters. ISBN 9780190233105. OCLC 892040856.
- ^ Kostyuchenko & Krestinina 1994, pp. 119–125
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Walker, Shaun (2 July 2017). "Russia begins cleaning up the Soviets' top-secret nuclear waste dump". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ Luxmoore, Matthew; Cowell, Alan (21 November 2017). "Russia, in Reversal, Confirms Radiation Spike". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.