Global InformationMassacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia information
| Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front of World War II | |
 Polish victims of a massacre committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the village of Lipniki, Wołyń (Volhynia), 1943 | |
| Location | Volhynia Eastern Galicia Polesie Lublin region |
| Date | 1943–1945 |
| Target | Poles |
Attack type | Massacre, ethnic cleansing, considered a genocide in Poland |
| Deaths | 60,000[1]–120,000 Poles[2] 340 Czechs[3] |
| Perpetrators | Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Mykola Lebed, Roman Shukhevych |
| Motive | Anti-Polonism,[4] Anti-Catholicism,[5] Ukrainisation[3] |
The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (Polish: rzeź wołyńsko-galicyjska, lit. 'Volhynian-Galician slaughter'; Ukrainian: Волинсько-Галицька трагедія, romanized: Volynsʹko-Halytsʹka trahediya, lit. 'Volyn-Galicia tragedy') were carried out in German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) with the support of parts of the local Ukrainian population against the Polish minority in Volhynia, Eastern Galicia, parts of Polesia and the Lublin region from 1943 to 1945.[6] The ruling Germans also actively encouraged both Ukrainians and Poles to kill each other.[7][8]
The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943. These killings were exceptionally brutal and targeted primarily women and children.[9][3] The UPA's actions resulted in up to 100,000 deaths.[10][11][12] Other victims of the massacres included several hundred Armenians, Jews, Russians, Czechs, Georgians, and Ukrainians who were part of Polish families or opposed the UPA and sabotaged the massacres by hiding Polish escapees.[3]
The ethnic cleansing was a Ukrainian attempt to prevent the post-war Polish state from asserting its sovereignty over Ukrainian-majority areas that had been part of the pre-war Polish state.[13][14][3] The decision to force the Polish population to leave the areas considered by the Banderite faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B) to be Ukrainian took place at a meeting of military referents in the autumn of 1942, and it was planned to liquidate the leaders of the Polish community and those who would resist.[15] Local UPA commanders in Volhynia, joining the armed uprising against the Germans, began attacking the Polish population, carrying out massacres in many villages.[16] Encountering resistance, UPA commander in Volhynia Dmytro Klyachkivsky "Klym Savur" issued an order in June 1943 for the "general physical liquidation of the entire Polish population".[17] The largest wave of attacks took place in July and August 1943, the assaults in Volhynia continued until the spring of 1944, when the Red Army arrived in Volhynia and the Polish underground, which had hitherto organised self-defences, formed the 27th AK Infantry Division.[18] Approximately 50,000–60,000 Poles died as a result of the massacres in Volhynia, while up to 2,000–3,000 Ukrainians died as a result of Polish retaliatory actions.[19][20][21]
At the 3rd OUN Congress in August 1943, Mykola Lebed criticised the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's actions in Volhynia as "bandit". However, the majority of delegates opposed his assessment and the congress decided to carry the anti-Polish action into Galicia.[22] However, it took a different course; by the end of 1943, it was limited to killing the leaders of the Polish community and exhorting Poles to flee to the west under the threat of looming genocide.[23] In March 1944, the UPA command, headed by Roman Shuchevych, issued an order to drive Poles out of Eastern Galicia, first by warning and then by raiding villages, murdering men and burning buildings.[24] A similar order was issued by the UPA commander in Eastern Galicia, Vasyl Sydor "Shelest".[25] This order was often not obeyed and entire villages were slaughtered.[26] In Eastern Galicia between 1943 and 1946, the OUN-B and the UPA killed 20,000–25,000 Poles.[27] 1,000–2,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish underground.[28]
Some Ukrainian religious authorities, institutions and leaders protested against the slayings of Polish civilians but without achieving much.[29] In 2008, the Polish Parliament adopted a resolution defining the UPA's crimes against Poles as "crimes bearing the hallmarks of genocide". In 2013, it passed a resolution calling it "ethnic cleansing with the hallmarks of genocide". On 22 July 2016, the Sejm established 11 July as National Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Genocide committed by Ukrainian nationalists against the citizens of the Second Polish Republic.[30] This classification is disputed by Ukraine and some non-Polish historians, who characterise it as ethnic cleansing.[31]
- ^ Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin Publishing. p. 455. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
- ^ Hryciuk & Palski 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Kulińska 2010, p. 27–30.
- ^ Andrii Portnov (16 November 2016). "Clash of victimhoods: The Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory".
- ^ "OUN i UPA od walk do ludobójstwa". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish).
Ogromne straty ze strony OUN-UPA poniósł Kościół rzymskokatolicki, naturalny u wierzących chrześcijan szacunek dla duchownych, świątyń, cmentarzy i religijnych praktyk został bowiem w duszach nacjonalistów ukraińskich zrujnowany.
[The Roman Catholic Church suffered huge losses from the OUN-UPA; the natural respect among Christian believers for clergy, temples, cemeteries and religious practices was ruined in the souls of Ukrainian nationalists.] - ^ Institute of National Remembrance. "What were the Volhynian Massacres?". Volhynia Massacre. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa, Jurij Kiriczuk, Gazeta Wyborcza 23.04.2003
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:7was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Timothy Snyder (24 February 2010). "A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev". The New York Review of Books. NYR Daily.
Bandera aimed to make of Ukraine a one-party fascist dictatorship without national minorities.... UPA partisans murdered tens of thousands of Poles, most of them women and children. Some Jews who had taken shelter with Polish families were also killed.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Himka2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ahonen, Pertti (2008). Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99.
- ^ Motyka 2011, p. 447.
- ^ Snyder 2003b, p. 197–234.
- ^ Komański & Siekierka 2006, p. 203.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 305-306.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 306-307.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 307-308.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 327-360.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 412.
- ^ Snyder 2003a, p. 175.
- ^ Burds, Jeffrey (1999). "Comments on Timothy Snyder's article, "To Resolve the Ukrainian Question once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947"". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (2). (1) Chronology.
The more I study Galicia, the more I come to the conclusion that *the defining issue was not Soviet or German occupation and war, but rather the civil war between ethnic Ukrainians and ethnic Poles.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 366-367.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 369-376.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 377.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 378.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 377-378.
- ^ Motyka 2006, p. 410-411.
- ^ Motyka 2011, p. 448.
- ^ McBride 2016a, p. 641.
- ^ "Sejm przyjął uchwałę dotyczącą Wołynia ze stwierdzeniem o ludobójstwie". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ McBride 2016a, p. 631-632.