Global InformationMary McLeod Bethune information
Mary McLeod Bethune | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Carl Van Vechten, 1949 | |
| Born | Mary Jane McLeod July 10, 1875 Mayesville, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | May 18, 1955 (aged 79) Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Occupations |
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| Spouse |
Albertus Bethune
(m. 1898; sep. 1907) |
| Children | 1 |
Mary Jane McLeod Bethune (née McLeod; July 10, 1875 – May 18, 1955[1]) was an American educator, philanthropist, humanitarian, womanist,[2] and civil rights activist. Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935, established the organization's flagship journal Aframerican Women's Journal,[3][4] and presided as president or leader for a myriad of African American women's organizations including the National Association for Colored Women and the National Youth Administration's Negro Division.[5]
She also was appointed as a national advisor to president Franklin D. Roosevelt, whom she worked with to create the Federal Council on Colored Affairs, also known as the Black Cabinet.[6] She is well-known for starting a private school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida. It later continued to develop as Bethune-Cookman University. She was the sole African American woman officially a part of the US delegation that created the United Nations charter,[7] and she held a leadership position for the American Women's Voluntary Services founded by Alice Throckmorton McLean.[8] For her lifetime of activism, she was deemed "acknowledged First Lady of Negro America" by Ebony magazine in April 1949[9] and was known by the Black Press as the "Female Booker T. Washington".[10] She was known as "The First Lady of The Struggle" because of her commitment to promote better lives for African Americans.[11]
Born in Mayesville, South Carolina, to parents who had been slaves, she started working in fields with her family at age five. She took an early interest in becoming educated; with the help of benefactors, Bethune attended college hoping to become a missionary in Africa. She started a school for African American girls in Daytona Beach, Florida. It later merged with a private institute for African American boys and was known as the Bethune-Cookman School. She maintained high standards and promoted the school with tourists and donors to demonstrate what educated African Americans could do. She was president of the college from 1923 to 1942, and from 1946 to 1947. She was one of the few women in the world to serve as a college president at that time.
Bethune was also active in women's clubs, which were strong civic organizations supporting welfare and other needs, and became a national leader. Bethune wrote prolifically, publishing in National Notes from 1924 to 1928, Pittsburgh Courier from 1937 to 1938, Aframerican Women's Journal from 1940 to 1949, and Chicago Defender from 1948 to 1955, among others.[12] After working on the presidential campaign for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, she was invited as a member of his "Black Cabinet". She advised him on concerns of African Americans and helped share Roosevelt's message and achievements with blacks, who had historically been Republican voters since the Civil War. At the time, blacks had been largely disenfranchised in the South since the turn of the century, so she spoke to black voters across the North. Upon her death, columnist Louis E. Martin said, "She gave out faith and hope as if they were pills and she some sort of doctor."[13]
Honors include designation of her home in Daytona Beach as a National Historic Landmark,[14][additional citation(s) needed] her house in Washington, D.C., as a National Historic Site,[15] and the installation of a memorial sculpture of her in Lincoln Park in Washington, D.C.[16] The 17 ft bronze statue, unveiled in 1974, "is the first monument to honor an African American and a woman in a public park in Washington, D.C."[17] The Legislature of Florida designated her in 2018 as the subject of one of Florida's two statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection.[18]
- ^ "Mary McLeod Bethune". The Journal of Negro History. 40 (4): 393–395. October 1955. doi:10.1086/JNHv40n4p393. JSTOR 2715669. S2CID 199977187.
- ^ McCluskey and Smith, Audrey Thomas and Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press.
- ^ Thomas, Audrey; Smith, Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press.
- ^ Bethune, Mary McLeod. McCluskey, Audrey Thomas (ed.). "Stepping Aside...at Seventy-Four". Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. pp. 189–192.
- ^ McCluskey, Audrey Thomas; Smith, Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. pp. xii.
- ^ McCluskey and Smith, Audrey Thomas and Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. pp. xii.
- ^ McCluskey and Smith, Audrey Thomas and Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. pp. 5–6.
- ^ McCluskey, Audrey Thomas; Smith, Elaine M. (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. pp. 5–6.
- ^ "Women Leaders". Ebony. Vol. 4, no. 9. July 1, 1949. pp. 19–22.
- ^ McCluskey and Smith, Audrey and Elaine (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. p. 3.
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt Paper Project: Mary McLeod Bethune.
- ^ McCluskey and Smith, Audrey Thomas and Elaine M (2001). Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press. p. 304.
- ^ Martin, Louis E. (June 4, 1955) "Dope 'n' Data" Memphis Tri-State Defender; p. 5.
- ^ James Sheire (August 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Mary McLeod Bethune Foundation/Mary McLeod Bethune Home". National Park Service. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ National Park Service "Mary McLeod Bethune Council House". Retrieved on January 11, 2008.
- ^ "Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial". Archived from the original on January 3, 2004. Cultural Tourism DC website. Retrieved on January 11, 2008.
- ^ "Mary McLeod Bethune". statuesforequality.com. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Committee on Rules, Florida Senate (January 9, 2018). "Senate Bill 472 Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved January 14, 2018.