Markarian 501 information

Markarian 501
Markarian 501
	Sloan Digital Sky Survey image of Mrk 501
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Hercules
Right ascension	16h 53m 52.21s
Declination	39° 45′ 37.6″
Redshift	9915±25 km/s or 0.033640 Z
Distance	456 Mly (140 Mpc; 4.32x1024 m)
Group or cluster	zw1707.6+4045
Characteristics
Type	S0
Size	~210,000 ly (64 kpc) (estimated)
Apparent size (V)	94.86" × 71.1"
Notable features	brightest object in very-high-energy gamma rays
Other designations
	4C39.49, PGC 59214, UGC 10599

Markarian 501 (or Mrk 501) is a galaxy with a spectrum extending to the highest energy gamma rays.^[4] It is a blazar or BL Lac object, which is an active galactic nucleus with a jet that is shooting towards the Earth. The object has a redshift of z = 0.034.^[5]

Mrk 501 is an extremely variable source of gamma rays, undergoing violent outbursts.^[5] During an outburst in 1997, it was the brightest object in the sky in the very-high-energy gamma ray region of the spectrum, at energies above 10¹¹ eV (100 GeV).^[6]

The galaxy hosting the blazar was studied and catalogued by Benjamin Markarian in 1974.^[7] It was first determined to be a very high energy gamma ray emitter in 1996 by John Quinn at the Whipple Observatory.^[5]^[8]

^ ^a ^b Ochsenbein, F.; Bauer, P.; Marcout, J. (10 April 2000). "The VizieR database of astronomical catalogues". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 143: 23–32. arXiv:astro-ph/0002122. Bibcode:2000A&AS..143...23O. doi:10.1051/aas:2000169. S2CID 17377096.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Results for Mrk 501". MARKARIAN2 – Markarian Galaxies Optical Database. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Data base query page is at [1]. Fill in Mrk 501 for name and click start search at bottom of page.
^ "Parameter Display for single row in Markarian Galaxies Optical Database".
^ Aharonian, F. A. (1999). "The time averaged TeV energy spectrum of Mkn 501 of the extraordinary 1997 outburst as measured with the stereoscopic Cherenkov telescope system of HEGRA" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 349: 11–28. arXiv:astro-ph/9903386. Bibcode:1999A&A...349...11A.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference acc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Protheroe, Ray J.; C.L. Bhat; P. Fleury; E. Lorenz; M. Teshima; T.C. Weekes (12 October 1997). "Very high energy gamma rays from Markarian 501". arXiv:astro-ph/9710118.
^ Markaryan, B. E.; V. A. Lipovetskii (1974). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum V". Astrophysics. 8 (2): 89–99. Bibcode:1972Ap......8...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01002156. ISSN 0571-7256. S2CID 122248004.
^ Quinn J, Akerlof CW, Biller S, Buckley J, Carter-Lewis DA, Cawley MF, Catanese M, Connaughton V, et al. (10 January 1996). "Detection of Gamma Rays with E > 300 GeV from Markarian 501". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 465 (2): L83–L86. Bibcode:1996ApJ...456L..83Q. doi:10.1086/309878.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[vizi-1] Ochsenbein, F.; Bauer, P.; Marcout, J. (10 April 2000). "The VizieR database of astronomical catalogues". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 143: 23–32. arXiv:astro-ph/0002122. Bibcode:2000A&AS..143...23O. doi:10.1051/aas:2000169. S2CID 17377096.

[mgod-2] "Results for Mrk 501". MARKARIAN2 – Markarian Galaxies Optical Database. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Data base query page is at [1]. Fill in Mrk 501 for name and click start search at bottom of page.

[3] "Parameter Display for single row in Markarian Galaxies Optical Database".

[Aharonian-5] Aharonian, F. A. (1999). "The time averaged TeV energy spectrum of Mkn 501 of the extraordinary 1997 outburst as measured with the stereoscopic Cherenkov telescope system of HEGRA" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 349: 11–28. arXiv:astro-ph/9903386. Bibcode:1999A&A...349...11A.

[acc-6] Cite error: The named reference acc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Protheroe-7] Protheroe, Ray J.; C.L. Bhat; P. Fleury; E. Lorenz; M. Teshima; T.C. Weekes (12 October 1997). "Very high energy gamma rays from Markarian 501". arXiv:astro-ph/9710118.

[Markaryan1974-8] Markaryan, B. E.; V. A. Lipovetskii (1974). "Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum V". Astrophysics. 8 (2): 89–99. Bibcode:1972Ap......8...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01002156. ISSN 0571-7256. S2CID 122248004.

[Quinn-9] Quinn J, Akerlof CW, Biller S, Buckley J, Carter-Lewis DA, Cawley MF, Catanese M, Connaughton V, et al. (10 January 1996). "Detection of Gamma Rays with E > 300 GeV from Markarian 501". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 465 (2): L83–L86. Bibcode:1996ApJ...456L..83Q. doi:10.1086/309878.

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