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Manuha (Burmese: မနူဟာ; Mon: မကုတရာဇာ; Old Mon[mɛ̌̀tǔtɑ̌ɾɛ̀ɑʝɛ̀ɑnɛ̀ɑmɛ̌̀]), or Makuta, was the last king of Thaton Kingdom. Manuha ruled Thaton from 1030s until 1057 when he was defeated by King Anawrahta of Pagan Kingdom.[2]: 150 According to the Mon tradition, Manuha was the 59th in the line of kings who supposedly founded Thaton during the time of the Buddha in the 6th century BCE.
Traditional Burmese and Mon reconstructions also hold that Anawrahta, a recent convert to Theravada Buddhism, asked for the Theravada Buddhist canon from Manuha. The Mon king reputedly rejected Anawrahta's request, saying that the uncultured Burmans of the north were not worthy of the religion. This refusal was used by Anawrahta as pretense to invade and conquer the Mon kingdom.[3] Despite this account, it is more likely Anawrahta conquered Thaton in order to check the westward advance of Khmer Empire in the Tenasserim coast. Still according to traditional belief, Manuha and his family along with some 30,000 monks and artisans, were brought back to Pagan (Bagan). Between 1050 and about 1085, Mon craftsmen and artisans helped to build some two thousand monuments at Pagan, the remains of which today rival the splendors of Angkor Wat.[4]
However, recent research—still a minority view—argues that Mon influence on the interior after Anawrahta's conquest is a greatly exaggerated post-Pagan legend, and that Lower Burma in fact lacked a substantial independent polity prior to Pagan's expansion.[5] Historian Michael Aung-Thwin (Aung-Thwin 2005) argues that the existence of Thaton is not supported by contemporary evidence.[6]
Manuha asked and was allowed to build the Manuha Temple in Pagan in 1059. Inside the temple three giant Buddha statues—two sitting, and one reclining—seem too large for their enclosures, and their cramped, uncomfortable positions are said to represent the stress and lack of comfort the 'captive king' had to endure.[7]
^Spiro 1996: 113
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
^Htin Aung 1967: 32–33
^South 2003: 67
^Lieberman 2003: 91
^Aung-Thwin 2005
^"Manuha Temple". AncientBagan.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
script. Manuha (Burmese: မနူဟာ; Mon: မကုတရာဇာ; Old Mon [mɛ̌̀tǔtɑ̌ɾɛ̀ɑʝɛ̀ɑnɛ̀ɑmɛ̌̀]), or Makuta, was the last king of Thaton Kingdom. Manuha ruled Thaton...
Manuha Temple (Burmese: မနူဟာဘုရား) is a Buddhist temple built in Myinkaba (located near Bagan), by captive Mon King Manuha in 1067, according to King...
- 66 metres (217 ft) Shwethalyaung Buddha (Bago) - 54.8 metres (180 ft) Manuha Temple (Bagan) Phowintaung, near Monywa Cambodia: West side of the Baphuon...
Frescoes inside a temple Buddha statutes inside the Dhammayangyi Inside the Manuha Temple Myanmar portal Buddhism in Myanmar Burmese pagoda Pagoda festival...
Myinkaba (a village south of Bagan) in Burma. The temple is adjacent to the Manuha Temple and was built by captive Thaton Kingdom King Makuta.: 150 It was...
Mon traditions, Anawrahta's main reason for the invasion was Thaton king Manuha's refusal to give him a copy of the Theravada Buddhist Canon. (Anawrahta...
in the Burmese pantheon of nats. He was a descendant of the captive King Manuha of Thaton. He died of leprosy during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan...
Shin Arahan, reportedly asked for the Theravada Buddhist canon from King Manuha of Thaton. The Mon king's refusal was used by Anawrahta as a pretense to...
took refuge in the monastery, in which an abbot resided, venerated by King Manuha of Thaton Kingdom. The monk took care of and kept them near him. One day...
one Manohara, which British colonial period historians translated to King Manuha of Thaton Kingdom. However, Michael Aung-Thwin points out the author merely...
restless. He successfully persuaded the great-grandson of the Mon king Manuha not to start a rebellion. The rest of the reign was free of rebellions....
village Makuta Station, a train station in Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan Manuha (a.k.a. Makuta), the last king of the Thaton Kingdom Makuta, a denomination...
at Thaton. The Mon chronicles corroborate the story, hinting that King Manuha of Thaton was reprehensible for making a compromise with Hinduism. At Pagan...
Martaban. When King Anawrahta of Pagan conquered Thaton Kingdom and took King Manuha to Pagan, the queen consort of Martaban escaped. It is said that she hid...
took refuge in the monastery, in which an abbot resided, venerated by King Manuha of Thaton Kingdom. The monk took care of and kept them near him. One day...
name was Aniruddha) of Bagan (Pagan) conquered that Mon Kingdom of King Manuha, named Suvannabumi (The Land of Golden Hues). The conquest of Thaton in...
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[mɛ̌̀tǔtɑ̌ɾɛ̀ɑʝɛ̀ɑnɛ̀ɑmɛ̌̀]), or Makuta, was the last king of Thaton Kingdom. Manuha ruled Thaton from 1030s until 1057 when he was defeated by King Anawrahta of Pagan Kingdom.[2]: 150 According to the Mon tradition, Manuha was the 59th in the line of kings who supposedly founded Thaton during the time of the Buddha in the 6th century BCE.