An MM code (the "MM" being an abbreviation for the German "Moduliertes Merkmal") is a "machine-readable modulated" feature that has been added to German debit cards during manufacture as an anti-counterfeiting measure since 1979.[1][2] It was developed by "Gesellschaft für Automation und Organisation" (a subsidiary of Giesecke & Devrient) in Munich for the German ec-Card system and MM verification devices have been added to German ATMs from 1982 onwards.[3] If a payment card contains an MM code as well as a magnetic stripe, any fraudster who counterfeits the card but fails to read and duplicate the MM code onto the copy will be detected when trying to use the counterfeit in a German automated teller machine.
^Wolfgang Rankl and Wolfgang Effing (1999). Handbuch der Chipkarten. 3rd edition (in German). Hanser Verlag.
^"MM-Merkmal" (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^Carsten Meyer (July 1996). "Nur Peanuts — Der Risikofaktor Magnetkarte". c't (in German). Heise Zeitschriften Verlag. p. 94.
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