Aesthetics, anthropology, classical studies, eroticism, handwriting, intellectual history, metaphysics, philosophy of history, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, poetry, psychology
Notable ideas
Ausdruckskunde
Geist–Seele dialectic
Id (psychology)[2]
Logocentrism
Reality of images
Co-founder of
Munich Cosmic Circle
Scientific career
Fields
Theoretical psychology, characterology, chemistry
Institutions
University of Munich (1893–)
Chemisches Institut (1893–)[3]
Psychodiagnostisches Seminar (1905–1914)[4]
Thesis
Attempt at a Synthesis of Menthone[3](1901)
Doctoral advisor
Alfred Einhorn[3]
Other academic advisors
Theodore Lipps[5]
Influences
Bachofen
Bahnsen
Busse
Carus
George
Goethe
Ibsen
Huch
Nietzsche[6]
Schopenhauer[7]
Schuler
Influenced
Adorno[8]
Agamben[8]
Bataille[8]
Benjamin
Cassirer
Cioran
Cortázar
Derrida[9]
Ewald [de]
Foucault[10]
Guattari[8]
Habermas
Heidegger[8]
Hesse
Hoffmann
Homburger
Horkheimer[8]
Kahn
Kronfeld
Kubin
Lacan[8]
Lange [de]
Löwith[8]
Lukács
de Man
Mann
Schneider
Schuler
Schultz
Voigtländer
Friedrich Konrad Eduard Wilhelm Ludwig Klages (10 December 1872 – 29 July 1956) was a German philosopher, psychologist, graphologist, poet, writer, and lecturer, who was a two-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[11] In the Germanosphere, he is considered one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.[12] He began his career as a research chemist according to his family's wishes, though soon returned to his passions for poetry, philosophy and classical studies. He held a post at the University of Munich, where in 1905 he founded the Psychodiagnostisches Seminar; the latter was forced to close in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I.[13] In 1915, Klages moved to neutral Switzerland, where over the following decades much of his mature philosophical works were written. Klages died in 1956.[14]
Klages was a central figure of characterological psychology and the Lebensphilosophie school of thought. Prominent elements of his philosophy include: the opposition between life-affirming Seele and life-denying Geist; reality as the on-going creation and interpretation of sensory images, rather than feelings; a biocentric ethics in response to modern ecological issues and militarism;[2] an affirmation of eroticism in critique of both Christian patriarchy and the notion of the "sexual";[15] a theory of psychology focused on expression, including handwriting analysis;[16] and a science of character aimed at reconciling the human ego to the divide it effectuates between living beings.[17] Central to Klages' thought is a linguistic opposition to logocentrism, a term introduced by Klages to diagnose a fixation on language or words to the detriment of the things to which they refer.[18] His formulation of this concept came to be of significant importance to semiotic studies of Western science and philosophy, namely within Derridean deconstruction.[19] Klages is similarly seen as a forebear to critical theory,[20] deep ecology,[2] and existential phenomenology.
Klages' place in modern psychology has been likened to those of his contemporaries Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.[21] His philosophy was roundly attacked by Nazi leaders during the height of his career, though his proximity has since fallen to dispute.[22] Though little of his literary output has historically been available in English, Klages' thought has exhibited sweeping influence on German developments in psychology, psychiatry, literature, and various other disciplines.[23]
^Lebovic 2013, p. 9.
^ abcPryce 2013, § Works of maturity.
^ abcBishop 2017, p. 3.
^Bishop 2017, p. 6; Stauth & Turner 1992, p. 48.
^Lebovic 2013, p. 24.
^Bishop 2017, p. 24.
^Bishop 2017, p. 78.
^ abcdefghJosephson-Storm 2017, pp. 214–215.
^Lebovic 2013, p. 87; Wolin 2004, p. 154.
^Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 214–215; Lebovic 2013, p. 75.
^White 1967; Britannica n.d.: "Ludwig Klages, (born Dec. 10, 1872, Hannover, Ger.—died July 29, 1956, Kilchberg, near Zürich, Switz.), German psychologist and philosopher, distinguished in the field of characterology."; "Nomination Database: Ludwig Klages". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
^L'Agora 2014.
^Bishop 2017, pp. 3, 7, 16; Lebovic 2013, p. 24; Stauth & Turner 1992, p. 48; Britannica n.d.: "Educated in chemistry, physics, and philosophy at the University of Munich, where he also taught".
^Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 213.
^Josephson-Storm 2017.
^Lebovic 2013, p. 119.
^White 1967: "His most important work was directed toward the formulation of a science of character that would reestablish the undifferentiated union of the life forms that had been ruptured by the emergence of ego in the human species."
^Beyler 2015: "Alongside characterology and graphology, Klages's most prominent philosophical theme was the rejection of technical rationality and intellectualized concepts. In other words, opposition to “logocentrism,” a term he coined."; Collins 2014.
^Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 221; Lebovic 2013, p. 87.
^Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 20, 209; Stauth & Turner 1992.
^Bishop 2017; L'Agora 2014.
^Bishop 2017, p. 32: "Difficult, because one of the most commonly heard charges made against Klages is that he sympathized with the National Socialists. As we shall see, however, nothing could be further from the truth."; Pryce 2013, § National Socialist Germany, World War II, and their aftermath; Schlicht 2020.
Friedrich Konrad Eduard Wilhelm LudwigKlages (10 December 1872 – 29 July 1956) was a German philosopher, psychologist, graphologist, poet, writer, and...
Routledge. "LudwigKlages". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 March 2024. Klages was a leader in the German vitalist movement (1895–1915), "Klages, Ludwig (1872–1956)"...
professional baseball player LudwigKlages (1872–1956), German philosopher The Second Awakening of Christa Klages, 1978 film Klages's antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi)...
"Logocentrism" is a term coined by the German philosopher LudwigKlages in the early 1900s. It refers to the tradition of Western science and philosophy...
(1865–1923), philosopher LudwigKlages (1872–1956), and poet Karl Wolfskehl (1869–1948). Other members of the group included writer Ludwig Derleth (1870–1948)...
Furthermore, he was a notable influence to poet Stefan George and philosopher LudwigKlages, of whom he was a life-long friend, as well as other members of the...
Italy Hoffman became familiar with the work of German life-philosopher LudwigKlages whose biocentric metaphysics greatly fascinated him and influenced his...
spread in Europe and the United States. In Germany during the 1920s, LudwigKlages founded and published his findings in Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde...
Rainer Maria Rilke, Isolde Kurz, Ludwig Thoma, Max Halbe, Annette Kolb, Stefan George, Karl Wolfskehl, LudwigKlages, Roda Roda, Christian Morgenstern...
as well as the Munich Cosmic Circle based around Alfred Schuler and LudwigKlages, which broke up in 1904. Derleth was the subject of verses in two cyclical...
existence". While at the university, he was influenced by Georg Simmel, LudwigKlages and Martin Heidegger, but also by the Russian philosopher Lev Shestov...
(awarded in 1944). Ten were newly nominated such as Georges Duhamel, LudwigKlages, Sigmund Freud, Cécile Tormay, Enrica von Handel-Mazzetti and Arvid...
of the tortures of my schooldays." At the time he was friendly with LudwigKlages, but this friendship came to an end in 1899 (although whether anti-Semitism...
needed] Alfred Adler Julius Bahnsen Sigmund Freud Erich Fromm Carl Jung LudwigKlages Ernst Kretschmer Wilhelm Reich Lebensphilosophie Personality development...
reserves in 1863. Alksnis was most interested in the philosophy of LudwigKlages who drew a distinction between life-affirming Seele (soul) and life-destroying...
Wölfflin, Rudolf Kassner, Hermann Graf Keyserling, Karl Wolfskehl, LudwigKlages, Harry Graf Kessler, Alfred Schuler, Georg Simmel, Hjalmar Schacht and...
University of Munich until his death in 1917. Bishop, Paul. (2017). LudwigKlages and the Philosophy of Life: A Vitalist Toolkit. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 9781138697157...
were Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, alongside LudwigKlages and Max Scheler. According to philosopher François Evain, Ralea's study...
Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927), and Ludwig Woltmann (1871–1907), the Völkischen had conceptualised a racialist and...
fiction/fantasy novels, and Strange Days – My Life With and Without Jim Morrison LudwigKlages, German philosopher Sharon Knight, Celtic / rock musician, songwriter...
limited to the English-speaking world, with philosopher and psychologist LudwigKlages stating in 1929 that the German language contains approximately 4,000...
government functionary, diplomat; brother of Alexander von Humboldt LudwigKlages (1872–1956), philosopher Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993) Karl Löwith (1897–1973)...
help from male friends and casual acquaintances. She was a friend of LudwigKlages and thus became part of the Munich Cosmic Circle based around the mystic...
org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020. "Nomination Archive - LudwigKlages". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020. "Nomination...
1914. Nitzan Lebovic, The Beauty and Terror of "Lebensphilosophie": LudwigKlages, Walter Benjamin, and Alfred Baeumler, South Central Review, Vol. 23...