For other uses, see Organisation Todt § Organisation Todt administrative units (Einsatzgruppen).
Although this photograph is offen identifed as The last Jew in Vinnitsa it is in fact showing an unknown Jewish man—probably on 28 July 1941 in Berdychiv (Berditschew) and not Vinnitsya[1]—about to be shot dead by a member of Einsatzgruppe D, a mobile death squad of the Nazi SS. The victim is kneeling beside a mass grave already containing bodies; behind, a group of SS and Reich Labour Service men watch.
Einsatzgruppen (German for "task forces",[2]"deployment groups";[3] singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II. The Einsatzgruppen had a leading role in the implementation of the Final Solution of the Jewish question (Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) in territories conquered by Nazi Germany.
Under the direction of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and the supervision of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen operated in territories occupied by the German armed forces following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the Soviet Union) in June 1941. Historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen and related agencies and foreign auxiliary personnel killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews.[4] The total number of Jews murdered during the Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to six million people.[5]
After the close of the World War II, 24 senior leaders of the Einsatzgruppen were prosecuted in the Einsatzgruppen Trial in 1947–48, charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes. Fourteen death sentences and two life sentences were among the judgements. Four additional Einsatzgruppe leaders were later tried and executed by other nations.[6]
^Matthäus, Jürgen (2024). ""The last Jew in Vinnitsa": Reframing an Iconic Holocaust Photograph". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 37 (3): 349–359. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcad053.
^LEO Dictionary.
^Encyclopædia Britannica.
^Rhodes 2002, p. 257.
^Evans 2008, p. 318.
^Rhodes 2002, pp. 274–275.
and 27 Related for: List of Einsatzgruppen information
Einsatzgruppen (German for "task forces", "deployment groups"; singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des...
Einsatzgruppen (German: [ˈaɪnzatsˌɡʁʊpm̩], lit. 'deployment groups'; also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany...
The Einsatzgruppen trial (officially, The United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.) was the ninth of the twelve trials for war crimes and crimes...
were a sub-group of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo...
Einsatzgruppen Operational Situation Reports (OSRs), or ERM for the German: Die Ereignismeldung UdSSR (plural: Ereignismeldungen), were dispatches of...
control of the Einsatzgruppen was taken over by the RSHA. When the units were re-formed prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the men of the...
murdered. The extermination activities of the Einsatzgruppen generally followed a standard procedure, with the Einsatzgruppen chief contacting the nearest Wehrmacht...
as-needed basis, to such special action troops as the Einsatzgruppen. In fact, all members of the Einsatzgruppen wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms....
Romanian soldiers killed tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa by April 1942. Prior to the invasion, the Einsatzgruppen were reorganized in preparation...
executing members of the Czech resistance. He was directly responsible for the Einsatzgruppen, the special task forces that travelled in the wake of the German...
Areas annexed by Nazi Germany Barbarossa decree Chronicles of Terror Einsatzgruppen Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany Holocaust victims Hunger Plan to seize...
the Einsatzgruppen Trial, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in 1951. Born in Hoheneggelsen (today part of Söhlde; then in the Kingdom of Prussia)...
humanity in 1947 in the Einsatzgruppen Trial. Two days after his indictment, Haussmann committed suicide. Emil Haussmann was the son of an accountant in Ravensburg...
Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt). It commanded a number ofEinsatzgruppen units formed with Gestapo, Kripo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) officers...
11 February 1945) Listof Waffen-SS units Hannes Heer, War of Extermination, p.136 Newton 2006, pp. 212–216. Mitcham, German Order of Battle, Volume 3...
independent regiments or attached to Wehrmacht security divisions and Einsatzgruppen, perpetrated mass-murder in the Holocaust and were responsible for widespread...
efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the Einsatzgruppen in the East. The Opel-Blitz, which weighed...
115–128. ISBN 3596156459. "Military Tribunal Volume IV "The Einsatzgruppen Case"" (PDF). Library of Congress. Kruglov, Aleksandr Iosifovič (2011). Круглов...
war, Blobel was tried at the Einsatzgruppen Trial and sentenced to death. He was executed in 1951. Born in the city of Potsdam, Blobel fought in the...
population from occupied Poland. The executioners of the Einsatzgruppen death squads and members of the local Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz, the German-minority...
executed as a purported enforcer of the so-called Judeo-Bolshevism ideology in military forces. It is one of a series of criminal orders issued by the Nazi...
1941. After World War II, Rasch was indicted for war crimes at the Einsatzgruppen trial, but the case was discontinued for medical reasons in February...
the Einsatzgruppen Trial at Nuremberg in 1948. During his trial, he admitted that the executions of women and children was wrong, but the killing of male...
defeat, Jost was tried and convicted by a U.S. military court at the Einsatzgruppen trial. In December 1951, Jost was released from Landsberg Prison after...
alone. Just before the 1941 Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, the Einsatzgruppen mobile death squads, which had previously operated...
Kaltenbrunner is portrayed by Hans Meyer. Listof SS-Obergruppenführer Listof major perpetrators of the Holocaust Listof defendants at the International Military...
commander of one of the largest groups ofEinsatzgruppen death squads and was personally responsible for ordering and organising the deaths of over 100...
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