Limoniidae is the largest of four crane fly families, with more than 10,700 species in more than 150 genera. Some studies have suggested it to be a paraphyletic group, with some limoniids being more closely related to Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae than to other limoniids.[1][2][3] Limoniid crane flies can usually be distinguished by the way the wings are held at rest. Limoniids usually hold/fold the wings along the back of the body, whereas other crane flies usually hold them out at right angles. Snow flies (genus: Chionea) such as Chionea scita have no wings at all.[4] Limoniids are also usually smaller than other crane flies, with some exceptions.[5]
The classification of Limoniid crane flies has been varied in the past, with the group treated both as subfamily and family,[6] but the following classification is currently accepted.[7][8][9][10][11][12] (Species counts are approximate, and vary over time.).[9] Recent phylogenetic analyses have revealed the family to be paraphyletic and further research is suggested.[1][7]
Family Limoniidae (Limoniid Crane Flies, more than 10,700 species)
Subfamily Chioneinae (4,324 species and subspecies)
Subfamily Dactylolabinae (59 species and subspecies)
Subfamily Limnophilinae (2,593 species and subspecies)
Subfamily Limoniinae (3,873 species and subspecies)
Subfamily †Architipulinae (extinct)
Subfamily †Drinosinae (extinct)
Subfamily †Eotipulinae (extinct)
These flies are found in damp places throughout the world, and many species form dense swarms in suitable habitats.
^ abCite error: The named reference Petersen2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Zhang, Xiao; Kang, Zehui; Mao, Meng; Li, Xuankun; Cameron, Stephen L.; Jong, Herman de; Wang, Mengqing; Yang, Ding (2016-06-24). O'Grady, Patrick (ed.). "Comparative Mt Genomics of the Tipuloidea (Diptera: Nematocera: Tipulomorpha) and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of the Tipulomorpha". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0158167. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158167Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158167. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4920351. PMID 27341029.
^Lukashevich, Elena D.; Ribeiro, Guilherme C. (2019-04-18). "Mesozoic fossils and the phylogeny of Tipulomorpha (Insecta: Diptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 635–652. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1448899. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 89966924.
^Byers, G. (1983). "Crane fly genus Chionea in North America". The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 52 (6): 59–195.
^Watson, L. "Insects of Britain and Ireland: Diptera families - Limoniidae". www.delta-intkey.com. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
^Cite error: The named reference Byers1981 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Zhang2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Kolcsár2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Oosterbroek2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Zhang2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference bugguide was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kopeć, Katarzyna; Soszyńska-Maj, Agnieszka; Kania-Kłosok, Iwona; Coram, Robert A.; Krzemiński, Wiesław (2021). "Morphology of the oldest fossil subfamily of Limoniidae (Diptera, Architipulinae) in the light of exceptionally preserved Mesozoic material". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 24137. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1124137K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03350-4. PMC 8683464. PMID 34921169.
Limoniidae is the largest of four crane fly families, with more than 10,700 species in more than 150 genera. Some studies have suggested it to be a paraphyletic...
superfamily Tipuloidea, which contains the living families Cylindrotomidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae and Tipulidae, as well as several extinct families. "Winter...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Wikimedia...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Wikimedia...
Limoniinae is a subfamily of limoniid crane flies in the family Limoniidae. There are more than 30 genera and 3,700 described species in Limoniinae, found...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. v t e...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
Gavryushin, DI; Olsen, KM; et al. (2021). "Contribution to the knowledge of Limoniidae (Diptera: Tipuloidea): first records of 244 species from various European...
the short-palped cranefly, is a species of crane flies in the family of Limoniidae. This species reaches a body length of 9 millimetres (0.35 in) to 11 millimetres...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
Gnophomyia tristissima is a species of limoniid crane flies in the family Limoniidae. It is all black with yellow halteres. "Gnophomyia tristissima Report"...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. v t e...
1804 "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
1929 "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
pdf "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
Dicranomyia modesta is a species of fly in the family Limoniidae. It is found in the Palearctic. Fauna Europaea Bei-Bienko, G.Y. & Steyskal, G.C. (1988)...
"Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Wikimedia...
1951) "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
1929 "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (Diptera, Tipuloidea: Pediciidae, Limoniidae, Cylindrotomidae, Tipulidae)". Naturalis Biodiversity Center....
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