A lex agraria (pl.: leges agrariae) was a Roman law which dealt primarily with the viritane allotment of public lands. Such laws came largely from two sources: the disposition of lands annexed by Rome in consequence of expansion and the distribution of existing public lands to poor citizens as freeholds. Such legislation dealt almost exclusively with public lands which were held by the state and not privately owned.[1][2] There were other types of Roman laws related to agriculture, including those establishing new colonies and those regulating the holding of public lands (lex de modo agrorum).[1]
The most famous lex agraria was that of the plebeian tribune Tiberius Gracchus, passed in 133 BC, which allotted public lands across Italy to rural plebs.[3] Such laws were not without precedent, such as the lex Flaminia of 232 BC which authorised viritane distributions of lands in Cisalpine Gaul and Picenum.[4][5] Further such laws were also passed in the years after 133 BC, including that of Tiberius' younger brother Gaius in 122 BC,[6] and the epigraphically attested lex agraria of 111 BC. The law of 111 BC, among other things, buttressed recognition of the lands distributed in the prior law of 133.[7][8] Other leges agrariae include a series of three laws vaguely described by Appian,[9] the laws of Saturninus in 103 and 100 BC,[10] the laws of Julius Caesar in 59 BC,[11] and a law of Mark Antony in 44 BC.[12]
^ abLintott 2012.
^Ridley, Ronald T (2000). "Leges agrariae: myths ancient and modern". Classical Philology. 95 (4): 459–467. doi:10.1086/449512. ISSN 0009-837X. JSTOR 270517. S2CID 161477241.
^Badian 2012a.
^Roselaar 2010, p. 45; Briscoe 2012.
^Sometimes called the lex Flaminia agraria, eg, von Ungern-Sternberg, Jrgen (2005). "The end of the Conflict of the Orders". In Raaflaub, Kurt A (ed.). Social Struggles in Archaic Rome. Blackwell. pp. 312–32. doi:10.1002/9780470752753.ch13. ISBN 978-0-470-75275-3. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
^Badian 2012b.
^Roselaar 2010, p. 15.
^Beggio, Tommaso (2019-04-26). "lex Agraria, 111 BCE". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
^Roselaar 2010, pp. 257ff.
^Broughton 1951, pp. 563, 575.
^Roselaar 2010, p. 101.
^Syme, Ronald (1964). "Senators, tribes and towns". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 13 (1): 105–125. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434822.
A lexagraria (pl.: leges agrariae) was a Roman law which dealt primarily with the viritane allotment of public lands. Such laws came largely from two...
from the affair with the treaty. Moreover, victory on the matter of the lexagraria would have, for Tiberius, won him considerable support among the people...
The lex Appuleia agraria was a Roman agrarian law introduced by the plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus during his second tribunate in 100 BC...
pp. 242–43. Eg a critical edition of the 111 BC lexagraria in Crawford, Michael (1996). "Lexagraria". Roman Statutes. Vol. 1. Institute of Classical...
fetched by wheat immediately after the harvest". His elder brother's lexagraria had been successful: Gracchan boundary stones are found all over southern...
after the fall of the Western Roman Empire lexagraria – A law regulating distribution of public lands lex annalis – A law regarding qualifications for...
first consulship. They were two pieces of related legislation: a lex Julia agraria and a lex Julia de agro Campano. The first law was related to the distribution...
). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. Ti. Gracchus, his 'lexagraria' and destruction by a rabble of optimates, headed by P. Scipio Nasica...
Teutones. Metellus Numidicus refused to swear an oath required in the lexagraria; Saturninus attempted to have him removed from the senate but was vetoed...
the Roman practice of patronage (patrocinium), - as exemplified by the lexagraria, of a general distributing land to his officers after their retirement...
out the publicani tax farmers for Crassus, and adding Campania to his lexagraria. Cato and his allies continued to resist these bills, but were unsuccessful...
temporarily successful passage of a radical program of land reform, the LexAgraria Sempronia. The senate and their supporters resisted reform with extreme...
then went to Campania in April and May 43 to settle veterans there. lex Antonia agraria, gave lands to Antony's supporters (June 44). A committee of seven...
Antoniniana," p. 194. L. De Ligt, "Provincial Dediticii in the Epigraphic LexAgraria of 111 BC?" Classical Quarterly 58:1 (2008), pp. 359–360. Herbert W....
assumption of the consulship with the new year that he would propose a lexagraria. With powerful and secret political allies, Caesar started his consulship...
supporters after trying to redistribute public land to the poor under the lexagraria. The Social War (91–88) was caused by neighbouring cities trying to secure...
there were three kinds of land: private, public and common pasture. The lexagraria of 111 BC, which formalized the existing situation after the land reforms...
vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 71–72 Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum ii. 13 Plautus, Poenulus Prolog. 49 Cicero, Philippics, xi...
Baebius, the tribune of 200 BC. CIL 12 2.585. Broughton notes that the Lexagraria of 111 names a M. Baebius who was both plebeian tribune and one of the...
Cicero, de Lege Agraria ii.11; Livy xl.45. Plutarch, Life of Coriolanus 1; Valerius Maximus iv.1 §3. Zonar. vii.19. Cicero, de Lege Agraria ii.11. Plutarch...
2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Prodottitipici.com. www.agraria.org. "Istruzione Agraria on line". Agraria.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved...
Sicily. With the Senate revoking much of the Lex Antonia, especially the contentious Lex Antonia Agraria, Pansa was forced to push through measures which...
at an agricultural polytechnic institution from Santarém – the Escola Agrária de Santarém of the Instituto Politécnico de Santarém involving – among...
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