Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinusMouth of a sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinusMedian section of Lamprey demonstrating internal anatomyMicroscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species
Lampreys/ˈlæmpreɪz/ (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of jawless fish comprising the order Petromyzontiformes/ˌpɛtroʊmɪˈzɒntɪfɔːrmiːz/. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra, which may mean "stone licker" (lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain.[3]Lamprey is sometimes seen for the plural form.[4]
There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys[5] and around seven known extinct species.[6][7] They are classified in three families: two small families in the Southern Hemisphere (Geotriidae, Mordaciidae) and one large family in the Northern Hemisphere; (Petromyzontidae).
Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to hagfish, the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to jawed vertebrates, forming the superclass Cyclostomi. The oldest fossils of stem-group lampreys are from the latest Devonian, around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the Jurassic, around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the Middle Jurassic and the end of the Cretaceous.[6]
Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and filter feed.[8] Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or blood;[9] but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle[10][11] (with Caspiomyzon suggested to feed on carrion rather than live prey[9]). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed (some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species.[12] Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes.
^Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Petromyzontiformes" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
^"Fossilworks: Petromyzontida". fossilworks.org.
^"lamprey". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
^"Sea Lamprey: The Ancient Fish". Connecticut River Conservancy. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^Docker, Margaret F (2006). "Bill Beamish's Contributions to Lamprey Research and Recent Advances in the Field". Guelph Ichthyology Reviews. 7. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
^ abCite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Huang, Weijia (1 September 2023). "A new species of fossil lamprey (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) from Hebei, China". Historical Biology: 1–13. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2252443. ISSN 0891-2963.
^Mallatt, Jon (2 February 2023). "Vertebrate origins are informed by larval lampreys (ammocoetes): a response to Miyashita et al. , 2021". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 197 (2): 287–321. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac086. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ abRenaud, Claude B.; Cochran, Philip A. (2019), Docker, Margaret F. (ed.), "Post-metamorphic Feeding in Lampreys", Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 247–285, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8_3, ISBN 978-94-024-1682-4
^Lafferty, Kevin D; Kuris, Armand M (1 November 2002). "Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (11): 507–513. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02615-0. ISSN 0169-5347.
^Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Chapleau, François; Mayden, Richard L.; Potter, Ian C.; Douglas, M. E. (2003). "Phylogeny of Living Parasitic Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) Based on Morphological Data". Copeia. 2003 (4): 687–703. doi:10.1643/IA02-085.1. S2CID 85969032.
^Potter, Ian C.; Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Haoucher, Dalal (25 November 2014), "The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Lampreys" (PDF), Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, Springer Netherlands, pp. 35–73, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9306-3_2, ISBN 978-94-017-9305-6, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2018, retrieved 21 October 2018
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