Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl,-ˈkæl/by-KAHL, -KAL;[3] Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal[ˈozʲɪrəbɐjˈkaɫ]; Buryat: Байгал далай, romanized: Baigal dalai[4]) is a large rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast.
At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area,[5] as well as the second largest lake in Eurasia after the Caspian Sea. However, because it is also the deepest lake,[6] with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms),[1] Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water[1] or 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water,[7][8] more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined.[9] It is also the world's oldest lake[10] at 25–30 million years,[11][12] and among the clearest.[13]
Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, many of them endemic to the region. It is also home to Buryat tribes, who raise goats, camels, cattle, sheep, and horses[14] on the eastern side of the lake,[15] where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of −19 °C (−2 °F) to a summer maximum of 14 °C (57 °F).[16] The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as Transbaikalia or as the Transbaikal,[17] and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as Baikalia. UNESCO declared Baikal a World Heritage Site in 1996.[18]
^ abcdef"A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation". Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
^M.A. Grachev. "On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal". Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
^"Baikal". Collins English Dictionary.
^Dervla Murphy (2007) Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals, London, John Murray, p. 173
^Cite error: The named reference oddities was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Deepest Lake in the World". geology.com. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
^Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Philip M. Gschwend; Dieter M. Imboden (2003). Environmental Organic Chemistry (2 ed.). Wiley Interscience. p. 1052. ISBN 978-0-471-35053-8.
^Tyus, Harold M. (2012). Ecology and Conservation of Fishes. CRC Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4398-9759-1.
^Bright, Michael, ed. (2010). 1001 natural wonders: you must see before you die. preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ed.). London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 620. ISBN 978-1-84403-674-5.
^"Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
^"Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Retrieved 5 October 2012.
^"Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem". ScienceDaily. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^Jung, J.; Hojnowski, C.; Jenkins, H.; Ortiz, A.; Brinkley, C.; Cadish, L.; Evans, A.; Kissinger, P.; Ordal, L.; Osipova, S.; Smith, A.; Vredeveld, B.; Hodge, T.; Kohler, S.; Rodenhouse, N.; Moore, M. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size" (PDF). In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R. (eds.). Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia. pp. 131–140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^S. Hudgins (2003). The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East. Texas A&M University Press. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^M. Hammer; T. Karafet (1995). "DNA & the peopling of Siberia". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). "Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia" (PDF). Wader Study Group Bulletin. 104: 66–78. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V. (23 January 2013). "Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals". Quaternary International. Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21–26 June 2010. 284: 45–52. Bibcode:2013QuInt.284...45E. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024. ISSN 1040-6182.
^"Lake Baikal – World Heritage Site". World Heritage. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
The Baikal seal, LakeBaikal seal or nerpa (Pusa sibirica) is a species of earless seal endemic to LakeBaikal in Siberia, Russia. Like the Caspian seal...
The Battle of LakeBaikal was a naval battle undertaken by Czechoslovak forces. In August 1918, the Czechoslovak legion, under the leadership of Gajda...
ancient lakes over 1 million years old. LakeBaikal is often considered the oldest, as clear evidence shows that it is 25–30 million years old. Lake Zaysan...
The Baikal Rift Zone is a series of continental rifts centered beneath LakeBaikal in southeastern Russia. Current strain in the rifts tends to be extending...
The Baikal Nature Reserve (/baɪˈkɔːl/; Russian: Байка́льский запове́дник) is a nature reserve and "zapovednik" on the southeast shore of LakeBaikal, in...
are a mountain range that rises steeply over the northwestern shore of LakeBaikal in southern Siberia, Russia. The highest peak in the range is 2,572 m...
and may be very deep. Rift lakes may be bounded by large steep cliffs along the fault margins. LakeBaikal, in Siberia Lake Balaton, in Hungary The Dead...
Dauriya) is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) LakeBaikal in Far Eastern Russia. The steppe and wetland landscapes of Dauria are...
Federal District since 2018. It borders Irkutsk Oblast and LakeBaikal, the deepest lake in the world to the north, Zabaykalsky Krai to the east, Tuva...
in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through LakeBaikal and the Krasnoyarsk Dam before draining into the Yenisey Gulf in the...
difficulties in the regional economy. In the 12th century Buryats arrived at LakeBaikal and through military force pushed the Khakas to the Lena. In 1893, Turkologist...
through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of LakeBaikal and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisey. It is 1,849 kilometres...
телескоп) is a neutrino detector conducting research below the surface of LakeBaikal (Russia) since 2003. The first detector was started in 1990 and completed...
is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3), slightly less than the volume of LakeBaikal (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water)...
steamships to connect the Trans-Siberian Railway across LakeBaikal: the train ferry SS Baikal built in 1897 and passenger and package freight steamer...
largest lakes are located in rift valleys. LakeBaikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in...
exclusively freshwater seal species is the Baikal seal, locally named nerpa (нерпа). The Baikal seal has inhabited LakeBaikal for roughly two million years, the...
mountainous southern taiga stretching east and south from the shores of LakeBaikal in the Southern Siberia region of Russia, and including part of northern...
the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking Yakut migrated north from the LakeBaikal region under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th...
Russia which sprawls along the southern coast and partially straddles LakeBaikal. Smaller groups of Buryats also inhabit Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (Irkutsk...
the lake is indicated as part of an artificial reservoir. Man-made reservoirs are abundant over a large portion of the surrounding area. LakeBaikal is...