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LGBTQ people are well documented in various artworks and literary works of Ancient India, with evidence that homosexuality and transsexuality were accepted by the major dharmic religions.[1] Hinduism and the various religions derived from it were not homophobic and evidence suggests that homosexuality thrived in ancient India until the medieval period.[2][3] Hinduism describes a third gender that is equal to other genders and documentation of the third gender are found in ancient Hindu and Buddhist medical texts.[4] The term "third gender" is sometimes viewed as a specifically South Asian term, and this third gender is also found throughout South Asia and East Asia.[5][6]
It's likely that parts of north western fringes of Indian empires were influenced by homophobia early on through Zostorarianism (250 BCE) and Islam, both of which explicitly forbade homosexual sex, and that this influenced socio-cultural noms in that region. [7][8][9][10] LGBTQ people in the Islamic communities were persecuted more severely especially under the rule of the Mughals, which ruled over large parts of India and Central Asia (and ultimately derives from the Mongol Empire), though Mughal leaders largely tolerated the cultures of the various non-Muslim communities of India.[11][12][13][14][15]
From the early modern period, colonialism from Europe also brought with it more centralized legal codes that imposed Christian-European morals that were homophobic in nature, including criminalizing sex between two people of the same gender, and criminalizing transsexuality.[16]
In the 21st century following independence, there has been a significant amount of progress made on liberalizing LGBTQ laws and reversing the homophobia and transphobia of the previous colonial era.
Erotic sculptures of two men (center) at the Khajuraho temples
^Vātsyāyana (1929). KāmaSutrā. Benaras: Jai Krishna-das-Haridas Gupta. p. Verse 2.9.36. ISBN 0192802704.
^"Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances". India Today. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
^"Homosexuality in India". www.labrys.net.br. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
^Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). "Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 7539026. PMID 33083261.
^Andrés Hueso, Salma Khan, Santa Khurai, Archana Patkar, Priya Nath, Marielle Snel, Kopila Thapa, Paul Boyce, Sarah Brown, Sue Cavill, Sonalee Chaukekar, Beatrice Chisenga, Mamata Dash, Rohit K Dasgupta, Noemie De La Brosse, Pawan Dhall, Julie Fisher, Marli Gutierrez-Patterson, and Oinam Hemabati (23 April 2018). "Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia". Waterlines (37:2 ed.). London, United Kingdom: 102–117. doi:10.3362/1756-3488. ISSN 0262-8104.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda (1990). "The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion". tenets.zoroastrianism.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^Ervad Marzban Hathiram. "Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad" (PDF). frashogard.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^"Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands". heritageinstitute.com. Heritage Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^Jones, Lesley-Ann (2011-10-13). Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Biography. Hachette UK, 2011. p. 28. ISBN 9781444733709. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^Baillier, Neil B. E. (1875). "A digest of the Moohummudan law". pp. 1–3. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
^Khalid, Haroon (17 June 2016). "From Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain to Amir Khusro, same-sex references abound in Islamic poetry". Scroll.in. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^V. N. Datta (2012-11-27), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman, Rupa Publications, ISBN 9788129126627, Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship
^"Of Genizahs, Sufi Jewish Saints, and Forgotten Corners of History – UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies". 1 March 2016.
^Cite error: The named reference kugle was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Christensen, Kelly (December 2022). "A Legacy of Homophobia: Effects of British Colonization on Queer Rights in India and Uganda". Global Studies 445: Capstone Seminar – via Capstone Projects.[dead link]
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