Kunitsukami (国つ神,[1] 国津神[2]) are the kami of the land[3] and live in tsuchi (earth).[4]
They were contrasted from the Amatsukami,[1] although modern Shinto no longer makes the distinction between Amatsukami and Kunitsukami.[5] According to Yijiang Zhong the distinction was made by the writers of the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki to formulate a political discourse.[6]
Kunitsukami were often presented as tutelary deities. They were also associated with geographical areas along with their inhabitants. Non-royal families also viewed them as their ancestors.[7] They also were considered personifications of the land.[8]
According to Ernest Mason Satow and Karl Florenz [de], kunitsukami might have been deified chiefs who migrated to Japan.[9]
The Three Pioneer Kami (開拓三神, Kaitaku Sanjin) Ōkunitama, Ōkuninushi, and Sukunahikona used in Japanese colonial shrines.[10]: 61 [11]: 53–54 They are all Kunitsukami or earthly kami representing the land.[11]: 53–54
Ogasawara Shozo [ja] proposed a system justifying Japanese Imperialism where Japanese people in the colonies were seen as Amatsukami and natives were seen as Kunitsukami,[12] however he was later censored as his position was considered too supportive of the rights of colonized peoples.[12]
^ abKlautau, Orion; Krämer, Hans Martin (2021-03-31). Buddhism and Modernity: Sources from Nineteenth-Century Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8248-8458-1.
^Goto, Akira (2020-11-19). Cultural Astronomy of the Japanese Archipelago: Exploring the Japanese Skyscape. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-000-22109-1.
^Bocking, Brian (2005-09-30). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79738-6.
^Picken, Stuart D. B. (2010-12-28). Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Scarecrow Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8108-7372-8.
^Zhong, Yijiang (2016-10-06). The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan: The Vanquished Gods of Izumo. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-7109-7.
^Drott, Edward R. (2016-04-30). Buddhism and the Transformation of Old Age in Medieval Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8248-5150-7.
^Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.
^Satow (2014-07-16). Ancient Japanese Rituals. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-79291-8.
^Shimizu, Karli; Rambelli, Fabio (2022-10-06). Overseas Shinto Shrines: Religion, Secularity and the Japanese Empire. London New York (N.Y.) Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23498-7.
^ abKōji, Suga; 𨀉𠄈 (2010). "A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 37 (1): 47–74. ISSN 0304-1042. JSTOR 27822899.
^ abKōji, Suga; 𨀉𠄈 (2010). "A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 37 (1): 47–74. ISSN 0304-1042.
Kunitsukami (国つ神, 国津神) are the kami of the land and live in tsuchi (earth). They were contrasted from the Amatsukami, although modern Shinto no longer...
counterpart Kunitsukami (国津神, 国つ神), and yaoyorozu-no-kami (八百万の神).: 56 Modern Shinto no longer makes the distinction between Amatsukami and Kunitsukami. According...
three main variations of kami: Amatsukami (天津神, the heavenly deities), Kunitsukami (国津神, the gods of the earthly realm), and ya-o-yorozu no kami (八百万の神...
she) has strong ties with both the Amatsukami (heavenly gods) and the Kunitsukami (earthly gods) of Izumo mythology. Kamimusuhi is also said to have transformed...
expulsion from Heaven, Susanoo encounters two "Earthly Deities" (國神, kunitsukami) near the head of the Hi River (簸川), now called the Hii River (斐伊川),...
such as Yatagarasu. Sometimes the kami are divided into the Amatsukami, Kunitsukami, and the eight million other kami. Emperor Sujin famously communed with...
the Kami, enshrining the Amatsukami (天津神) from Takamagahara and the Kunitsukami (国津神) from Japanese mythology. Japanese Imperial Rituals Culture of Japan...
According to Kojiki, the god Susanoo encountered a grieving family of kunitsukami ("gods of the land") headed by Ashinazuchi (足名椎) in Izumo Province. When...
year after their death and the Amatsukami (天津神) from Takamagahara and Kunitsukami (国津神) from Japanese mythology at the Kōrei-den and Shin-den of the Three...
kodai ōken saishi (1989), Takemikazuchi was originally a local god (kunitsukami) revered by the Ō clan (多氏, Ō no uji, also written as 大氏), and was a...
kodai ōken saishi (1989), Takemikazuchi was originally a local god (kunitsukami) revered by the Ō clan (多氏, Ō no uji, also written as 大氏), and was a...
Japan's central lands. They convinced or forced Okuninushi and the other Kunitsukami to surrender the land.: 28–29 They sent Ninigi, their grandson, to Japan...
Amatsukami ('Kami of heaven'), Kamimusubi has a strong connection to Kunitsukami ('Kami of land') in Izumo tradition. Because of this, it is also theorized...
stroking elder and hand stroking elder respectively. They are considered Kunitsukami. They are the only two deities of the Kojiki explicitly stated as elders...
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of the amatsukami or gods of heaven, while tsuchi became the home of kunitsukami or gods of the land. The amatsukami are said to have descended from heaven...
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