It has been suggested that this article should be split into articles titled Kenneth B. Clark, Mamie Phipps Clark and Clark experiments. (discuss) (April 2022)
Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 24, 1914 – May 1, 2005)[1] and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983)[2] were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU).[3] Kenneth Clark was also an educator and professor at City College of New York, and first Black president of the American Psychological Association.
They were known for their 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliott (1952), one of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954).[4] The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion, "To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone."[5]
^""Clark, Kenneth Bancroft." Psychologists and Their Theories for Students". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^Butler, Stephen N. "Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917–1983)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^Freeman, Damon (2008). Kenneth B. Clark and the Problem of Power. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1080/00313220802377362
^"Kenneth and Mamie Clark Doll – Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
^Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. (2007). A brief history of modern psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-1-4051-3205-3. OCLC 62282274.
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