Global InformationKasakela chimpanzee community information
The Kasekela chimpanzee community (formerly spelled Kasakela[1]) is a habituated community of wild eastern chimpanzees that lives in Gombe National Park near Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania.[2] The community was the subject of Jane Goodall's pioneering study that began in 1960, and studies have continued ever since, becoming the longest continuous study of any animals in their natural habitat.[2][3][4] As a result, the community has been instrumental in the study of chimpanzees and has been popularized in several books and documentaries. The community's popularity was enhanced by Goodall's practice of giving names to the chimpanzees she was observing, in contrast to the typical scientific practice of identifying the subjects by number. Goodall generally used a naming convention in which infants were given names starting with the same letter as their mother, allowing the recognition of matrilineal lines.
One of the most important discoveries that was learned by observing the Kasekela chimpanzee community was the use of tools. On November 4, 1960, Goodall observed a chimpanzee that she had named David Greybeard using a grass stalk as a tool to extract termites from a termite hill. Later, she observed David Greybeard and another chimpanzee named Goliath stripping leaves off twigs to create termite fishing tools. Previously, tool use in chimpanzees was only rarely observed, and tool creation by non-human animals had never been observed. Until then, tool making was considered one of the defining characteristics of being human.[5][6][7] Another important observation occurred a few days earlier, on October 30, 1960. On that day Goodall observed the community's chimpanzees eating meat, dispelling the notion that chimpanzees are vegetarians.[7] A third observation by Goodall in the early 1960s was that male chimpanzees perform a "rain dance," charging, calling, slapping the ground and trees and dragging branches in the rain.[8][9] In the early 1970s the chimpanzees of the community were observed to engage in ongoing coordinated attacks against the chimpanzees of the neighbouring Kahama Chimpanzee Community, ultimately wiping it out.[10][11] According to historian Ian Morris, this "Four Year War" represented the first time scientists had observed chimpanzees "deliberately seek out, attack and leave for dead" chimps from another community, and it has been described as "the first record of lasting 'warfare' among [non-human] primates."[10][12]
Several families within the Kasekela chimpanzee community have been particularly prominent in books and documentaries. The F-family has produced five alpha males for the community, and the matriarch, Flo, played a particularly important role in acknowledging Goodall's acceptance as a human observer by the community. The G-family has produced at least one alpha male, and also the birth of several twins, which are rare among chimpanzees. There are other families as well which include the T-family and S-family (which has produced one alpha male).
- ^ Wilson, M.L. (2012). "Long-term Studies of the Chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania". In Kappeler, Peter M.; Watts, David P. (eds.). Long-term Field Studies of Primates. Springer. pp. 357–384. ISBN 9783642225130.
- ^ a b Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8.
- ^ Morgen, Brett (2018). Jane (film). National Geographic.
- ^ Wilson, Michael L.; et al. (2020). "Research and conservation in the greater Gombe ecosystem: challenges and opportunities". Biological Conservation. 252: 108853. Bibcode:2020BCons.25208853W. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853. PMC 7743041. PMID 33343005.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 535–539. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0-395-33145-3.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
timelinewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Scientist Makes Unique Record of Chimpanzees". Greeley Daily Tribune. March 19, 1964. p. 34. Retrieved 2019-01-26 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Harriman, Jane (September 2, 1963). "Wild Chimp is a Friendly Chap". Boston Globe. p. 44. Retrieved 2019-01-26 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Eppinga, J. (2009). They Made Their Mark: An Illustrated History of the Society of Woman Geographers. Globe Pequot. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-7627-4597-5.
- ^ Wrangham, R.; Peterson, D. (1996). "Demonic Males". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
- ^ Morris, I. (2014). "Red in Tooth and Claw: Why the Chimps of Gombe Went to War". War! What Is It Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-28600-2.