Global InformationKarl Marx information
Karl Marx FRSA[1] | |
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 Marx in 1875 | |
| Born | Karl Marx[a] 5 May 1818 Trier, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation |
| Died | 14 March 1883 (aged 64) London, England |
| Burial place | Tomb of Karl Marx |
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| Education |
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| Spouse |
Jenny von Westphalen
(m. 1843; died 1881) |
| Children | At least 7,[3] including Jenny, Laura and Eleanor |
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Philosophy career | |
| Era | 19th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
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| Thesis | The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (1841) |
| Doctoral advisor | Bruno Bauer |
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Karl Marx (German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, economist, political theorist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His best-known works are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1894); the latter employs his critical approach of historical materialism in an analysis of capitalism and is the culmination of his intellectual efforts. Marx's ideas and theories and their subsequent development, collectively known as Marxism, have exerted enormous influence on modern intellectual, economic and political history.
Born in Trier in the Kingdom of Prussia, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Jena, and received a doctorate in philosophy from the latter in 1841. A Young Hegelian, he was influenced by the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as The German Ideology (written 1846) and the Grundrisse (written 1857–1858). While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and met Engels, a lifelong friend and collaborator. After moving to Brussels in 1845, they were active in the Communist League, and in 1848 wrote The Communist Manifesto, which expresses Marx's ideas and lays out a programme for revolution. Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) and Das Kapital. In 1864, Marx helped found the International Workingmen's Association (First International), in which he sought to fight the influence of anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875), Marx wrote on revolution, the state and the transition to communism. He died stateless in 1883 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
Marx's critiques of history, society and political economy hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages.[4] Employing his historical materialist approach, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that these tensions would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers.[5] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[6]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.[7] Marxism has exerted major influence on socialist thought and political movements, and during the 20th century revolutionary governments identifying as Marxist took power in many countries and established socialist states including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. A number of theoretical variants such as Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, and Maoism have been developed. Marx's work in economics has a strong influence on modern heterodox theories of labour and its relation to capital,[8][9][10] and he is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science.[11][12]
- ^ "Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862". Royal Society of Arts. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Heinrich 2019, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Padover, Saul, ed. (1975). "Introduction: Marx, the Human Side". Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children. New York: McGraw Hill. p. xxv.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
manifestowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Marx, Karl. "Index". Critique of the Gotha Program. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ Calhoun 2002, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Manchesterwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Unger, Roberto Mangabeira (2007). Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Hicks, John (May 1974). "Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern". The American Economic Review. 64 (2): 307.
The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history ...
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1952). Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Unwin University books. Vol. 26 (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-11078-5.
- ^ Little, Daniel. "Marxism and Method". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Kim, Sung Ho (2017). "Max Weber". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim.
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