British-ruled Southeast Asian form of labor recruitment and organization
The kangani system was a form of labour recruitment and organisation in parts of Southeast Asia under British colonial rule, generally in operation from the early 19th century until the early 20th century, specifically the areas now known as Myanmar, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. The system was similar to indentured servitude and both were in operation during the same period, with the kangani system becoming more popular from late 19th century onward. Under the kangani system, recruitment and management were taken up by people called the kangani (from the Tamil word for 'the one who observes' an equivalent for the English word foreman, the root word kan in Tamil meaning 'eye'), who directly recruited migrants from India, especially South India in Tamil-majority areas, via networks of friends, family and other contacts, with the same person then responsible for the supervision of the labourers they recruited.[1] The leader of those groups of immigrants had considerable control over their affairs and generally forced them to enter debt-bondage relationships by illegally deducting their wages. In smaller groups, they might work as labourers themselves in addition to their other responsibilities, but in larger groups, their role was more one of organisation, supervision and dealing with the landowner.[2] With certain estimates showing that nearly one eighth of Indian labourers in Burma were kangani, some have argued that stepping into the role of recruiter and supervisor, with its accompanied rise in income and status, was a relatively achievable form of social mobility for the labourers of the plantations[3]
^Kaur, Amarjit (2004). Southeast Asia: An Historical Encyclopedia from Angor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 639, 641. ISBN 1576077705.
^Basu, Raj Sekhar (2011). Nandanar's Children: The Paraiyans' Tryst with Destiny, Tamil Nadu 1850 - 1956. SAGE. pp. 111, 119. ISBN 978-81-321-0679-1.
^Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia. Kesavapany, K., Mani, A., Ramasamy, P. (Palanisamy), 1949-. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2008. p. 19. ISBN 9789812308009. OCLC 746746932.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
The kanganisystem was a form of labour recruitment and organisation in parts of Southeast Asia under British colonial rule, generally in operation from...
Kangani may refer to: Kangani, Anjouan, a village in the Comoros Kangani, Mayotte, a village on Mayotte Kangani, Mohéli, a town in the Comoros Kangani...
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Kannur dialect. Some of the labourers who were not associated with the Kanganisystem were placed in estates that had mix ethnicities, mostly Tamils. Thus...
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Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
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respected leader, opposed universal franchise as he felt that the caste system was an integral part of the Hindu way of life, and led a delegation to London...
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Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
Cocoa Coconut Coffee Rubber Tea production Indian Ocean slave trade Kanganisystem Society Other Schools Maldivian Annual Tribute Ceylonese recipients...
in its lucrative new colony to the south. Through the Indian indenture system, hundreds of thousands of Tamil "coolies" from southern India were transported...
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riot in 1939. Ponnambalam opposed universal franchise, supported the caste system, and claimed that the protection of Tamil rights requires the Tamils (45%...
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island become a British colony, many Dutch ministers left, and the church system collapsed. In the 19th and 20th centuries DRC church membership consisted...
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